Stigma and its influencing factors among breast cancer survivors in China: A cross-sectional study

Jin, Ruiqi; Xie, Tingting; Zhang, Lijuan; Gong, Ni; Jun-e, Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2021.101972

Cited by 40 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In China, the stigma of BCSs is related to changes in body image and support from family and friends [ 21 ]. Therefore, encouraging BCSs to accept changes in body image, increasing social support, helping them learn more knowledge about breast cancer, and teaching them to adopt more positive coping strategies may be effective measures to reduce the level of stigma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, a study indicated that the stigma not only delays women’s early engagement in caring but also hinders women from remaining engaged with care through to treatment completion [ 19 ]. There is empirical evidence that three types of stigma are prevalent among BCSs [ 20 , 21 ], negatively impacting social engagement [ 11 ]. Hence, interventions are needed to reduce the stigma of BCSs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The mediator role of stigma in the association of mindfulness and social engagement among breast cancer survivors in China

Jiang

Zhang

Zhao

et al. 2022

Support Care Cancer

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Purpose This study aims to explore the association between mindfulness and social engagement among Chinese breast cancer survivors (BCSs) and the mediator role of stigma in the relation of mindfulness and social engagement. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 937 BCSs from March to April 2021 in Shanghai, China. Data were collected using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, the Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness 8-item version, and the index of social engagement. Descriptive statistics, independent-sample t -test, one-way ANOVA, and regression analyses were used to explore the role of stigma in the association of mindfulness and social engagement among Chinese BCSs. Results Social engagement levels differed significantly by participant’s BMI, education level, employment status, personal monthly income, monthly per capita household income. Mindfulness was positively correlated with social engagement, and stigma was negatively correlated with mindfulness and social engagement among Chinese BCSs. Stigma plays a complete mediating role in the relationship between mindfulness and social engagement in BCSs. Conclusion In the practice of individual mindfulness intervention on social engagement of BCSs, health care providers should identify and eliminate the constraints, which restrain the reduction of stigma level while individual mindfulness is being enhanced.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mediator role of stigma in the association of mindfulness and social engagement among breast cancer survivors in China

Jiang

Zhang

Zhao

et al. 2022

Support Care Cancer

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“…In this study, regression models were used to explore the association between types and numbers of comorbidities and stigma among BCSs. Stigma is a very complex variable related to multiple factors in individual-related, disease-related, social contact, and support network dimensions 61 , 62 . However, due to various constraints, the independent variables included in this study were limited and the explanation of stigma was also limited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between comorbidities and stigma among breast cancer survivors

Zhang

Zhao

Jiang

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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This study aimed to explore the association between types and numbers of comorbidities and stigma among breast cancer survivors (BCSs). A cross-sectional study was conducted among 937 BCSs in Shanghai Cancer Rehabilitation Club. All participants were asked to fill in an online questionnaire including Stigma Scale for Chronic Illnesses 8-item version (SSCI-8) and questions on sociodemographic characteristics and health status. Multivariate linear regression was used to analyze the association between comorbidities and stigma, adjusting for confounding factors. Results showed that nearly 70% of the participants had one or more comorbidities. The participants with stroke, digestive diseases or musculoskeletal diseases had significantly higher stigma than those without the above comorbidities. In addition, stigma was higher among survivors in the group with a greater number of comorbidities. Thus, it is important to strengthen the management of stigma in BCSs, especially for those with comorbidities.

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“…The prevalence rate of perceived cancer-related stigma ranges from 5 to 90% (Ohaeri et al, 1998;Cho et al, 2013;Phelan et al, 2013;Fujisawa et al, 2020). Approximately 76.7 and 8.7% of the breast cancer survivors report moderate and high stigma levels, respectively (Jin et al, 2021). Perceptions related to one's own body may impact the sense of identity, self-esteem, acceptance, sexuality, and perceived stigma of women (Tripathi et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perceptions related to one's own body may impact the sense of identity, self-esteem, acceptance, sexuality, and perceived stigma of women (Tripathi et al, 2017). The main factors influencing stigma in China were personal acceptance of the disease and body image (Jin et al, 2021). Physical appearance impacts self-esteem, depression, and a tendency toward social isolation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Cancer Stigma Scale: A Reliable and Valid Stigma Measure for Patients With Breast Cancer

Cheng

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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PurposeThis study aims to develop and validate a stigma scale for Chinese patients with breast cancer.MethodsPatients admitted to the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, for breast cancer treatment participated in this study. Development of the Breast Cancer Stigma Scale involved the following procedures: literature review, interview, and applying a theoretical model to generate items; the Breast Cancer Stigma Scale’s content validity was assessed by a Delphi study (n = 15) and feedback from patients with breast cancer (n = 10); exploratory factor analysis (n = 200) was used to assess the construct validity; convergent validity was assessed with the Social Impact Scale (n = 50); internal consistency Cronbach’s α (n = 200), split-half reliability (n = 200), and test–retest reliability (N = 50) were used to identify the reliability of the scale.ResultsThe final version of the Breast Cancer Stigma Scale consisted of 15 items and showed positive correlations with the Social Impact Scale (ρ = 0.641, P < 0.001). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed four components of the Breast Cancer Stigma Scale: self-image impairment, social isolation, discrimination, and internalized stigma, which were strongly related to our perceived breast cancer stigma model and accounted for 69.443% of the total variance. Cronbach’s α for the total scale was 0.86, and each subscale was 0.75–0.882. The test–retest reliability with intra-class correlation coefficients of the total scale was 0.947 (P < 0.001), and split-half reliability with intra-class correlation coefficients of the total scale was 0.911 (P < 0.001). The content validity index (CVI) was 0.73–1.0.ConclusionThe newly developed Breast Cancer Stigma Scale offers a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the perceived stigma of patients with breast cancer in clinical and research settings. It may be helpful for stigma prevention in China.

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Stigma and its influencing factors among breast cancer survivors in China: A cross-sectional study

Cited by 40 publications

References 54 publications

The mediator role of stigma in the association of mindfulness and social engagement among breast cancer survivors in China

The mediator role of stigma in the association of mindfulness and social engagement among breast cancer survivors in China

The association between comorbidities and stigma among breast cancer survivors

Breast Cancer Stigma Scale: A Reliable and Valid Stigma Measure for Patients With Breast Cancer

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