Stigma associated with mental health problems among young people in India: a systematic review of magnitude, manifestations and recommendations

Gaiha, Shivani Mathur; Salisbury, Tatiana Taylor; Koschorke, Mirja; Raman, Usha; Petticrew, Mark

doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02937-x

Cited by 85 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 93 publications

(199 reference statements)

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“…A sample of university students in Qatar reported that over 60% of students believed that people with mental illness are dangerous (Zolezzi et al, 2017). A systematic review and meta-analysis reported that one-third of young people in India display "dangerous" and other negative attitudes toward people with mental health problems (Gaiha et al, 2020). A study compared perceptions of mental health among college students between two countries, and found that more college students from Vietnam tended to realize that individuals with mental illness were dangerous than their US counterparts (Kamimura et al, 2018).…”

Section: Stigmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward Depression Among Male and Female, Medical and Non-medical Major College Students

Hao

et al. 2021

Front. Psychol.

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Background: Stigma is often reported to be a barrier to the treatment and rehabilitation of depression. However, little is known about stigma toward people with depression among college students in China.Methods: Using a questionnaire with a case vignette describing depression, a total of 1,056 students from nine colleges/universities in Hunan Province of China were included in this study. The questionnaire addressed the attitudes toward depression and the desire for keeping a distance from depressed individuals. The current study explored the stigma attitudes of college students toward people with depression and the desire for social distancing, as well as the gender (male and female) and major (medical and non-medical) differences.Results: Over half of the respondents agreed that people described in the vignette were “dangerous” (60.7%) and “could snap out of the problem” (58.7%). Compared with female students, males were more likely to agree that “If I had this problem, I would not tell anyone” (7.0 vs. 13.2%, p = 0.001); compared with non-medical students, medical students were more likely to agree that “The problem is a sign of personal weakness” (38.0 vs. 50.0%, p < 0.001). A lot of respondents would be unwilling to “marry into the family of people with depression” (71.1%) or “work closely with them” (45.1%). Compared with male students, females were more unwilling to “work closely with them” (40.3 vs. 47.5%, p = 0.026).Conclusion: This study found that a high proportion of Chinese college students showed stigma toward and desire for social distancing from people with depression, male students and medical major students showed higher stigma in some subscale items toward people with depression. The present results suggest that more anti-stigma interventions should be applied for Chinese college students to help prevent or reduce stigma attitudes toward people with depression.

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Section: Stigmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward Depression Among Male and Female, Medical and Non-medical Major College Students

Hao

et al. 2021

Front. Psychol.

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“…These findings are in support of certain pre-existing literature that states that one of the most significant barriers to accessing mental healthcare facilities is lack of information (Gaiha et al, 2014), this study indicates that participants have positive perceptions toward mental illness and do not carry with them a great degree of stigma surrounding the same. Certain other studies (Gaiha et al, 2020) indicate a high degree of stigma. However, the meta-analysis did show a high degree of heterogeneity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Another study by Gaiha et al (2020) conducted a systematic review on stigma associated with mental health problems among young people (aged 10-24) in India. The study showed that Indian youth lacked knowledge about the causes of mental illness, associated these with functional impediments and believed that limited/no treatment existed for such problems.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptions Surrounding Mental Health in Young People and their Primary Caregivers and its Influence on Help-Seeking Behaviour of Young People across Socio-Economic Groups in India

Char¹

2018

Int J Indian Psychol

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The treatment gap that exists between the need and access of mental health care facilities is concerning and demands further enquiry. This exploratory research study aims to better understand barriers in accessing mental health care facilities for young people across socio-economic groups in India through the following objectives: 1) To find out a young person’s understanding and perception of mental health. 2) To understand if the participant has any stigma and perception surrounding mental health and mental disorders. 3) To understand if the participant’s stigma, perception and understanding differs from that of their primary caregiver. 4) To understand the access and help-seeking behaviour of the participant to mental health care facilities and whether this is influenced by their own/primary caregiver’s perceptions. A mixed-methods analysis was carried out. The total sample size of this study is 66 which includes 33 young people as primary participants and 33 primary caregivers as secondary participants. Quantitative data collection was carried out via a form through snowball and purposive sampling. Three scales were included- Kuppuswamy socioeconomic Scale, Community Attitudes Toward the Mentally Ill Scale, and Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale (N=33). The CAMI Scale was administered to the primary caregivers (N=33) of the young people participants as well. The participants were divided into 2 groups based on their score in the Kuppuswamy Socioeconomic Scale, Upper/Upper Middle (N=18) and Lower/Lower Middle (N=15) This data was then analysed through SPSS using Kendall Tau’s correlation coefficient and independent sample t-test. Qualitative data was collected as a voluntary subset of the participants who filled out the quantitative data form though a focus group discussion. 2 focus groups (Upper/Upper Middle and Lower/Lower Middle) were interviewed through a semi-structured interview structure using an FGD Guide. This data was analysed using thematic analysis. The lowest and highest obtainable scores for the CAMI scale were 12 and 60 respectively. For the ATSPPH scale, these values were 0 and 30. The mean score for the young people CAMI was 45.09 (SD=6.94). When the same scale was administered to the primary caregivers, the mean was 42.24 (SD=8.00). For the ATSPPH scale, the mean score was 19.06 (SD=6.65). The findings from this study suggest that stigma isn’t the main barrier in help-seeking behaviour and that participants across socio-economic groups, without being influenced by the perceptions of their parents, have the desire to seek professional psychological help when experiencing mental distress. The problem lies in not knowing who to approach and in a lack of knowledge with regards to how to access available mental healthcare. The study also suggests that perceptions toward mental illness and the desire to seek professional psychological help do not vary significantly across upper/upper middle and lower/lower middle socioeconomic groups.

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“…A recent review of studies from Latin America showed similar challenges [ 34 ]. Low mental health literacy in our demographic may be another factor that may negatively impact uptake [ 35 ]. In anticipation of these challenges, the study uses a broad range of recruitment strategies aligned with existing best practices [ 15 ], such as in-person classroom sensitization (where possible), use of explanatory videos and flyers, and use of a toll-free telephone number for queries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Guided Internet-Based Problem-Solving Intervention Delivered Through Smartphones for Secondary School Pupils During the COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Gonsalves¹,

Sharma²,

Hodgson³

et al. 2021

JMIR Res Protoc

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Background “POD Adventures” is a gamified mental health intervention delivered via a smartphone app and supported by counsellors for a target population of secondary school students in India. This paper describes the protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial of a remotely delivered version of the intervention in the context of COVID-19 restrictions. Objective Our objectives are to assess the feasibility of research procedures and intervention delivery and to generate preliminary estimates of the effectiveness of the intervention to inform the sample size calculation of a full-scale trial. Methods We will conduct a parallel, 2-arm, individually randomized pilot controlled trial in 11 secondary schools in Goa, India. This pilot trial aims to recruit 70 participants with a felt need for psychological support. Participants will receive either the POD Adventures intervention delivered over 4 weeks or usual care comprising information about local mental health services and national helplines. Outcomes will be assessed at two timepoints: baseline and 6 weeks post randomization. Results The first participant was enrolled on January 28, 2021, and 6-week assessment completed on April 4, 2021. Owing to a second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in India, schools in Goa were closed on April 22, 2021. Trial participants are currently receiving the intervention or completing follow-up assessments. Conclusions This pilot trial will help understand the feasibility of implementing and evaluating a remotely delivered digital mental health intervention in a low-resource setting. Our findings will be used to design future trials that can address difficulties of accessing psychosocial support in-person and support wider efforts to scale up evidence-based mental health interventions for young people. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04672486; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04672486 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/30339

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Stigma associated with mental health problems among young people in India: a systematic review of magnitude, manifestations and recommendations

Cited by 85 publications

References 93 publications

Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward Depression Among Male and Female, Medical and Non-medical Major College Students

Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward Depression Among Male and Female, Medical and Non-medical Major College Students

Perceptions Surrounding Mental Health in Young People and their Primary Caregivers and its Influence on Help-Seeking Behaviour of Young People across Socio-Economic Groups in India

A Guided Internet-Based Problem-Solving Intervention Delivered Through Smartphones for Secondary School Pupils During the COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

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