Stigmatization of War Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Stereotyping and Social Distance Findings

Hipes, Crosby; Gemoets, Darren

doi:10.1177/2156869318801889

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Also, when bringing (well-intentioned) publicity to the “negative” consequences of military service, such as the increased risk of mental health problems, emphasis might be placed on attributing problems to “external” causes such as stress, trauma, and the challenges of reintegration rather than to “internal” character faults, or other causes under one’s control. Research suggests that in crisis situations, including those involving veterans, when mental health problems are attributed to external rather than internal causes, persons are somewhat more sympathetic and less punitive and favor more therapeutic responses (Corrigan et al 2003; Hipes and Gemoets 2019; Markowitz and Watson 2015). From the perspective of veterans, in addition to encouraging help-seeking from peers and professionals, training and support in navigating key civilian contexts (e.g., work, relationships, college), with particular focus on how to discuss one’s military experiences, may help facilitate successful postservice transition (Kintzle and Castro 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Perceived Public Regard on the Well-Being of Military Veterans

Markowitz

Kintzle

Castro

et al. 2019

Society and Mental Health

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Many military veterans face considerable challenges reintegrating into civilian life. Evidence suggests the general public holds conflicting attitudes toward veterans. This study examines how perceived public attitudes play a role in veterans’ mental health and well-being. Drawing from and extending interactionist theories of self-concept, stigma, and mental health recovery, we develop and estimate models for the relationships between internalized public attitudes toward veterans (perceived public regard), military identity–related self-worth (private regard), and well-being (depression, self-efficacy, and life satisfaction). Using survey data from the Chicagoland Veterans Study, we found that perceived public regard is negatively related to depression and positively related to self-efficacy and life satisfaction. The relationship between public regard and self-efficacy is fully mediated by private regard, and a significant part of the relationship between perceived public regard and both depression and life satisfaction is mediated by private regard. The study suggests avenues for extending theory and research related to military identity and public understanding of veterans as well as other groups where there may be conflicting public sentiment toward them.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Perceived Public Regard on the Well-Being of Military Veterans

Markowitz

Kintzle

Castro

et al. 2019

Society and Mental Health

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“…Individuals suffering from PTSD and other mental illnesses are often victims of social exclusion in the form of stereotyping and stigmatization ( 104 ). For example, among East-African conflict survivors, stigmatization was associated with an increased likelihood of PTSD after exposure to trauma ( 105 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Healthcare Workers and COVID-19-Related Moral Injury: An Interpersonally-Focused Approach Informed by PTSD

et al. 2022

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The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a still-unfolding series of novel, potentially traumatic moral and ethical challenges that place many healthcare workers at risk of developing moral injury. Moral injury is a type of psychological response that may arise when one transgresses or witnesses another transgress deeply held moral values, or when one feels that an individual or institution that has a duty to provide care has failed to do so. Despite knowledge of this widespread exposure, to date, empirical data are scarce as to how to prevent and, where necessary, treat COVID-19-related moral injury in healthcare workers. Given the relation between moral injury and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we point here to social and interpersonal factors as critical moderators of PTSD symptomology and consider how this knowledge may translate to interventions for COVID-19-related moral injury. Specifically, we first review alterations in social cognitive functioning observed among individuals with PTSD that may give rise to interpersonal difficulties. Drawing on Nietlisbach and Maercker's 2009 work on interpersonal factors relevant to survivors of trauma with PTSD, we then review the role of perceived social support, social acknowledgment and social exclusion in relation to potential areas of targeted intervention for COVID-19-related moral injury in healthcare workers. Finally, building on existing literature (e.g., Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and the Canadian Centre of Excellence—PTSD, 2020) we conclude with individual and organizational considerations to bolster against the development of moral injury in healthcare workers during the pandemic.

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“…Previous research in the military has highlighted concerns about stigma associated with mental health problems (e.g., Gould et al, 2010). Although the research is inconsistent (Britt, Black, Cheung, Pury, & Zinzow, 2018), stigma may impede willingness to access to care (e.g., Hom, Stanley, Schneider, & Joiner, 2017) and can result in ostracism of team members (Hipes & Gemoets, 2018), potentially disrupting team cohesion (Jones, Campion, Keeling, & Greenberg, 2018; Wright et al, 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

YaHaLOM training in the military: Assessing knowledge, confidence, and stigma.

Svetlitzky

Farchi

Yehuda

et al. 2020

Psychological Services

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Under conditions of profound stress, individuals in high-risk occupations may experience an acute stress reaction (ASR). Given that ASRs may interfere with functioning, placing the team in danger, the Israel Defense Forces developed YaHaLOM training to teach service members how to manage ASRs in team members. YaHaLOM is a novel, rapid, peer-based intervention specifically designed for use in the midst of a high-stress event. In all, 904 Israeli combat soldiers participated in the study; 76% reported having received YaHaLOM, and 24% reported that they had not. In addition to measures of knowledge about managing ASRs, confidence in managing ASRs, and stigma-related attitudes toward ASRs, questions also addressed training approach, including the use of a video and instructor type. Participants who reported receiving YaHaLOM also reported more knowledge about managing an ASR, more confidence in managing an ASR, less external stigma, and more normative views of ASRs. Being trained with a video was associated with more confidence and less self-stigma than being trained without a video. Instructor type was not associated with differences in knowledge, confidence, or stigma-related attitudes. The study is limited by cross-sectional self-report data. Nevertheless, results suggest YaHaLOM may prepare soldiers to manage ASRs in team members; future studies are needed to assess intervention efficacy and to expand this research to other high-risk occupational contexts.

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Stigmatization of War Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Stereotyping and Social Distance Findings

Cited by 18 publications

References 35 publications

Effects of Perceived Public Regard on the Well-Being of Military Veterans

Effects of Perceived Public Regard on the Well-Being of Military Veterans

Healthcare Workers and COVID-19-Related Moral Injury: An Interpersonally-Focused Approach Informed by PTSD

YaHaLOM training in the military: Assessing knowledge, confidence, and stigma.

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