Still waiting for the toll?

Cooper, Edwin L.; Kvell, Krisztián; Engelmann, Péter; Németh, Pèter

doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2005.11.012

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…There is a novel differentially expressed transcript similar to myeloid differentiation factor 88 ( E = 2×10 -13 ) containing a Toll/interleukin-1 resistance (TIR) domain (Additional file Additional file 3: Table S3(a)). Presence of this transcript suggests that earthworms may possess components of Toll or Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in contrast to current views [ 17 , 18 ]. It has been shown that the TIR domain is required for Caenorhabditis elegans resistance to microbial pathogens [ 19 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Transcriptomic analysis of RDX and TNT interactive sublethal effects in the earthworm Eisenia fetida

Gong¹,

Guan²,

Inouye

et al. 2008

BMC Genomics

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Background: Explosive compounds such as TNT and RDX are recalcitrant contaminants often found co-existing in the environment. In order to understand the joint effects of TNT and RDX on earthworms, an important ecological and bioindicator species at the molecular level, we sampled worms (Eisenia fetida) exposed singly or jointly to TNT (50 mg/ kg soil) and RDX (30 mg/kg soil) for 28 days and profiled gene expression in an interwoven loop designed microarray experiment using a 4k-cDNA array. Lethality, growth and reproductive endpoints were measured.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Transcriptomic analysis of RDX and TNT interactive sublethal effects in the earthworm Eisenia fetida

Gong¹,

Guan²,

Inouye

et al. 2008

BMC Genomics

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“…PRRs bind to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) [16], such as the lipopolysaccharides (LPS; [7]). Each receptor binds to one or more PAMP and is responsible for inducing appropriate signalling pathways (figure 1).…”

Section: Invertebrate Innate Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards an integrated network of coral immune mechanisms

2012

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Reef-building corals form bio-diverse marine ecosystems of high societal and economic value, but are in significant decline globally due, in part, to rapid climatic changes. As immunity is a predictor of coral disease and thermal stress susceptibility, a comprehensive understanding of this new field will likely provide a mechanistic explanation for ecological-scale trends in reef declines. Recently, several strides within coral immunology document defence mechanisms that are consistent with those of both invertebrates and vertebrates, and which span the recognition, signalling and effector response phases of innate immunity. However, many of these studies remain discrete and unincorporated into the wider fields of invertebrate immunology or coral biology. To encourage the rapid development of coral immunology, we comprehensively synthesize the current understanding of the field in the context of general invertebrate immunology, and highlight fundamental gaps in our knowledge. We propose a framework for future research that we hope will stimulate directional studies in this emerging field and lead to the elucidation of an integrated network of coral immune mechanisms. Once established, we are optimistic that coral immunology can be effectively applied to pertinent ecological questions, improve current prediction tools and aid conservation efforts.

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“…They also play a role in many beneficial host-microbe symbioses [101, 102]. TLRs have long been thought to be absent from annelids [103, 104]. However, their presence and importance in host-microbe interactions has recently been recognized in polychaetes, leeches and earthworms [105, 106], where some were shown to be involved in the innate immune response against pathogens [107, 108] or were constitutively expressed in the gut [109].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic and proteomic insights into innate immunity and adaptations to a symbiotic lifestyle in the gutless marine worm Olavius algarvensis

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe gutless marine worm Olavius algarvensis has a completely reduced digestive and excretory system, and lives in an obligate nutritional symbiosis with bacterial symbionts. While considerable knowledge has been gained of the symbionts, the host has remained largely unstudied. Here, we generated transcriptomes and proteomes of O. algarvensis to better understand how this annelid worm gains nutrition from its symbionts, how it adapted physiologically to a symbiotic lifestyle, and how its innate immune system recognizes and responds to its symbiotic microbiota.ResultsKey adaptations to the symbiosis include (i) the expression of gut-specific digestive enzymes despite the absence of a gut, most likely for the digestion of symbionts in the host's epidermal cells; (ii) a modified hemoglobin that may bind hydrogen sulfide produced by two of the worm’s symbionts; and (iii) the expression of a very abundant protein for oxygen storage, hemerythrin, that could provide oxygen to the symbionts and the host under anoxic conditions. Additionally, we identified a large repertoire of proteins involved in interactions between the worm's innate immune system and its symbiotic microbiota, such as peptidoglycan recognition proteins, lectins, fibrinogen-related proteins, Toll and scavenger receptors, and antimicrobial proteins.ConclusionsWe show how this worm, over the course of evolutionary time, has modified widely-used proteins and changed their expression patterns in adaptation to its symbiotic lifestyle and describe expressed components of the innate immune system in a marine oligochaete. Our results provide further support for the recent realization that animals have evolved within the context of their associations with microbes and that their adaptive responses to symbiotic microbiota have led to biological innovations.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3293-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Still waiting for the toll?

Cited by 23 publications

References 63 publications

Transcriptomic analysis of RDX and TNT interactive sublethal effects in the earthworm Eisenia fetida

Transcriptomic analysis of RDX and TNT interactive sublethal effects in the earthworm Eisenia fetida

Towards an integrated network of coral immune mechanisms

Transcriptomic and proteomic insights into innate immunity and adaptations to a symbiotic lifestyle in the gutless marine worm Olavius algarvensis

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