Histamine has the ability to influence the activity of immune cells including neutrophils and plays a pivotal role in inflammatory processes, which are a complex network of cellular and humoral events. One of the main functions manifested by activated neutrophils is oxidative burst, which is linked to the production of reactive oxygen species; therefore, the effects of histamine receptor agonists and antagonists on the oxidative burst of neutrophils is reviewed. A role for the well-characterized histamine H1 and H2 receptors in this process is discussed and compared to that of the recently discovered H4 receptor.
LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on Histamine Pharmacology Update. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue-1
AbbreviationsCaI, calcium ionophore A23187; N-fMLP, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine; OZP, opsonized zymosan particle; PMA, phorbol myristate acetate; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TLR, toll-like receptor
Oxidative burst of neutrophilsNeutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells, comprising about 50-70% of all leukocytes. One of the most important defence mechanisms of neutrophils is associated with their ability to mediate a strong oxidative burst through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While oxidative burst is important for the elimination of invading microorganisms, the overproduction of ROS or the impairment of endogenous antioxidant defences may result in detrimental effects on the host's own cells and tissues (Freitas et al., 2009). Neutrophil oxidative burst is accompanied by the production of NADPH oxidase, which reduces oxygen to a superoxide anion radical. It is generally assumed that the NADPH oxidase is activated exclusively in the plasma membrane. However, in neutrophils, this assumption does not fit with the subcellular localization of the membrane components of the NADPH oxidase, which are stored in the granular compartments, and it has become increasingly evident that oxidants are also produced in an intracellular compartment, identified as specific granules. Myeloperoxidase is stored in another subset of granules, the azurophil granules, and participates in the processing of the ROS. In fact, it has been suggested that neutrophil activation is accompanied by the fusion of azurophil with specific granules, allowing these peroxidase-dependent reactions to take place (Karlsson and Dahlgren, 2002). PKC-d is required for full production of NADPH oxidase and activation of the respiratory burst. Neutrophils also express PKC-a and b, which may be involved in adhesion, degranulation and phagocytosis, but the evidence for this is not yet conclusive (Bertram and Ley, 2011). Although the complex mechanisms that coordinate the membrane traffic, oxidative burst and release of granule contents required for the microbicidal activities of neutrophils are not completely understood, it is evident that they are unique and differ from those in macrophages (Nordenfelt and Tapper, 2011). Neutr...