Stimuli produced by observing responses make rats' ethanol self-administration more resistant to price increases

Shahan, Timothy A.

doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1390-5

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…An observing response analysis may parallel that which occurs with regard to drug-seeking behavior compared to drug-taking behavior. Although subtle, this point has also been implied by Shahan (2002). Several important theoretical questions follow: In humans, do conditioned reinforcers that maintain observing responses evoke a different form of drug cue-reactivity than basic CS-paired cues associated with drugs?…”

Section: Operant–respondent Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this manner, each exteroceptive S D could be examined individually for its operant conditioned reinforcing effects by allowing each to function as a consequential outcome for a novel operant response (cf. Shahan, 2002). Next, each S D could be presented alone in a standard Pavlovian extinction procedure (i.e., CET) versus an operant extinction procedure in which the reinforcer is omitted but the response chain and stimuli within it remain in effect (e.g., D'Andrea, 1969).…”

Section: An Operant Analysis Of the Drug-taking Ritual In Cet: The Hementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, operant conditioned reinforcement is not predicated on, or reducible to, basic Pavlovian CS → US relationships (Dinsmoor, 1983, 1985; Fantino, Preston, & Dunn, 1993; Fantino & Romanowich, 2007; Rescorla, 1990, 1992, 1994; cf. Shahan, 2002); therefore, non-reinforcement of binary Pavlovian relationships by mere exposure to the CS alone would not undermine the conditioned reinforcing functions of the stimuli most distal to the drug effect, and even those most proximal to the drug reinforcer (see Conklin et al, 2008). Yet, CET and assessments of cue-reactivity continue to fail in acknowledging these most critical operant–respondent distinctions.…”

Section: An Operant Analysis Of the Drug-taking Ritual In Cet: The Hementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is noteworthy that Shahan (2002) has reported some important empirical evaluations on the effectiveness of using novel responses to evaluate cues that are deemed conditioned reinforcers, but it is beyond the scope of the present paper to summarize those issues here. Nonetheless, perhaps the best example of how effective S D s are as conditioned reinforcers is revealed, again, by the heterogeneous operant chain in which there are multiple S D s that link multiple topographically different responses, as discussed earlier.…”

Section: Operant–respondent Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ORs have been shown with drug reinforcement in rats, with ethanol (Shahan, 2002, 2003), and in rhesus monkeys, with cocaine and opiates (Woods & Winger, 2002). In both studies, a self-administration (SA) response produced the drug under limited time constraints (the S D component).…”

Section: Operant–respondent Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perhaps More Consideration of Pavlovian-Operant Interaction May Improve the Clinical Efficacy of Behaviorally Based Drug Treatment Programs

Troisi

2013

TPR

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Drug abuse remains costly. Drug-related cues can evoke cue-reactivity and craving, contributing to relapse. The Pavlovian extinction-based cue-exposure therapy (CET) has not been very successful in treating drug abuse. A functional operant analysis of complex rituals involved in CET is outlined and reinterpreted as an operant heterogeneous chain maintained by observing responses, conditioned reinforcers, and discriminative stimuli. It is further noted that operant functions are not predicated on Pavlovian processes but can be influenced by them in contributing to relapse; several empirical studies from the animal and human literature highlight this view. Cue-reactivity evoked by Pavlovian processes is conceptualized as an operant establishing/motivating operation. CET may be more effective in incorporating an operant-based approach that takes into account the complexity of Pavlovian–operant interaction. Extinction of the operant chain coupled with the shaping of alternative behaviors is proposed as an integrated therapy. It is proposed that operant-based drug abuse treatments (contingency management, voucher programs, and the therapeutic work environment) might consider incorporating cue-reactivity, as establishing/motivating operations, to increase long-term success—a hybrid approach based on Pavlovian–operant interaction.

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Section: Operant–respondent Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: An Operant Analysis Of the Drug-taking Ritual In Cet: The Hementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: An Operant Analysis Of the Drug-taking Ritual In Cet: The Hementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Operant–respondent Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Operant–respondent Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Perhaps More Consideration of Pavlovian-Operant Interaction May Improve the Clinical Efficacy of Behaviorally Based Drug Treatment Programs

Troisi

2013

TPR

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On the nature of directed behavior to drug-associated light cues in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Reilly

Berndt

Woods

2016

Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice

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The present study investigated the role of drug-paired stimuli in controlling the behavior of rhesus monkeys. Systematic observations were made with nine monkeys who had a history of drug self-administration; they had been lever pressing to produce intravenous infusions of various drugs. These observations revealed that the stimulus light co-occurring with drug infusion produced robust and cue-directed behavior such as orienting, touching and biting. Experiment 1 showed that this light-directed behavior would occur in naïve monkeys exposed to a Pavlovian pairing procedure. Four monkeys were given response-independent injections of cocaine. In two monkeys, a red light preceded cocaine injections by 5 s, and a green light co-occurred with the 5-s cocaine injections. In the other two monkeys, the light presentations and cocaine injections occurred independently. Light-directed behavior occurred in all four monkeys within the first couple of trials and at high levels but decreased across sessions. The cocaine-paired stimulus maintained behavior longer and at higher levels than the uncorrelated stimuli. Furthermore, light-directed behavior was not maintained when cocaine was replaced with saline. Light-directed behavior did not occur in the absence of the lights. When these monkeys were subsequently trained to lever press for cocaine, light-directed behavior increased to levels higher than previously observed. Behavior directed towards drug-paired stimuli is robust, reliable and multiply determined; the mechanisms underlying this activity likely include Pavlovian conditioning, stimulus novelty, habituation and operant conditioning.

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Effects of self-administered alcohol concentration on the frequency and persistence of rats?? attending to alcohol cues

Shahan

Jimenez‐Gomez

2006

Behavioural Pharmacology

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Observing responses produce contact with stimuli that are to be discriminated and have been considered an animal model of attending. In the observing-response procedure, alternating periods of drug availability versus extinction for one response are not signaled, but a second response (i.e. the observing response) produces stimuli signaling whether drug is available or not. This experiment examined the effects of the concentration of self-administered alcohol and increases in observing-response requirement on rats' observing alcohol stimuli. In addition, the effects of alcohol concentration on the persistence of observing were examined when alcohol was no longer available. Results showed that observing tracked bitonic changes in the number of alcohol deliveries rather than monotonic increases in total alcohol consumption resulting from increases in alcohol concentration. Increasing the observing-response requirement decreased the number of stimulus presentations earned. The resultant decreases in time spent in the presence of the alcohol stimulus were associated with decreases in alcohol consumption. During extinction of alcohol responding, observing was more persistent when it produced a stimulus previously associated with a higher alcohol concentration. Finally, responding for alcohol was more resistant to extinction in the presence of an observing-response-produced alcohol stimulus than in its absence, but did not depend on alcohol concentration. These results suggest that increases in the difficulty of obtaining access to alcohol cues can decrease alcohol consumption by reducing contact with those cues. In addition, if observing behavior in the present procedure is analogous to attending to alcohol cues, the results suggest that attending to alcohol cues is more persistent with cues previously associated with higher doses, and that the persistence of attending to alcohol cues and their impact on drinking may be dissociable.

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Stimuli produced by observing responses make rats' ethanol self-administration more resistant to price increases

Cited by 7 publications

References 46 publications

Perhaps More Consideration of Pavlovian-Operant Interaction May Improve the Clinical Efficacy of Behaviorally Based Drug Treatment Programs

Perhaps More Consideration of Pavlovian-Operant Interaction May Improve the Clinical Efficacy of Behaviorally Based Drug Treatment Programs

On the nature of directed behavior to drug-associated light cues in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Effects of self-administered alcohol concentration on the frequency and persistence of rats?? attending to alcohol cues

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