Stimulus-driven and goal-driven control over visual selection.

Ludwig, Casimir J. H.; Gilchrist, Iain D.

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.28.4.902

Cited by 123 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…These results suggest that early in time, eye movements are completely stimulus driven, whereas later in time, top-down knowledge is available, enabling the eyes to go directly to the target. Similar findings were reported by Ludwig and Gilchrist (2002). Observers searched for a color singleton target among three nontargets.…”

supporting

confidence: 85%

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The Role of Stimulus-Driven and Goal-Driven Control in Saccadic Visual Selection.

Zoest¹,

Donk²,

Theeuwes³

2004

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

265

244

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Four experiments were conducted to investigate the role of stimulus-driven and goal-driven control in saccadic eye movements. Participants were required to make a speeded saccade toward a predefined target presented concurrently with multiple nontargets and possibly 1 distractor. Target and distractor were either equally salient (Experiments 1 and 2) or not (Experiments 3 and 4). The results uniformly demonstrated that fast eye movements were completely stimulus driven, whereas slower eye movements were goal driven. These results are in line with neither a bottom-up account nor a top-down notion of visual selection. Instead, they indicate that visual selection is the outcome of 2 independent processes, one stimulus driven and the other goal driven, operating in different time windows.

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supporting

confidence: 85%

“…However, rather than focusing on whether stimulus-driven or goal-driven selection dominates behavior, it may be more appropriate to ask when these forms of selection dominate behavior (see also Ludwig & Gilchrist, 2002). Over the next few paragraphs, the evidence in support of stimulus-driven and goal-directed control of attention is reviewed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Stimulus-Driven and Goal-Driven Control in Saccadic Visual Selection.

Zoest¹,

Donk²,

Theeuwes³

2004

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

265

244

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This conclusion adds an important caveat to previous work that found that the response type influences attentional capture (Ludwig and Gilchrist, 2002;Wu and Remington, 2003) without equating manual and saccadic responses in terms of reaction time. We have shown that bringing the timing of manual and saccadic responses closer together reduces differences in the effect of sudden onsets on those responses.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

“…Ludwig and Gilchrist (2002) similarly concluded that capture is influenced by the required response. They demonstrated that capture by abrupt onsets does occur for manual mouse movement responses, but not for manual buttonpress responses like the ones used by Wu and Remington (2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

The time course of attentional and oculomotor capture reveals a common cause.

Hunt

Mühlenen

Kingstone

2007

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Eye movements are often misdirected towards a distractor when it appears abruptly, an effect known as oculomotor capture. Fundamental differences between eye movements and attention have led to questions about the relationship of oculomotor capture to the more general effect of sudden onsets on performance, known as attentional capture. This study explores that issue by examining the timecourse of eye movements and manual localization responses to targets in the presence of sudden onset distractors. The results demonstrate that for both response types, the proportion of trials on which responses are erroneously directed to sudden onsets reflects the quality of information about the visual display at a given point in time. We conclude that oculomotor capture is a specific instance of a more general attentional capture effect. Differences and similarities between the two types of capture can be explained by the critical idea that the quality of information about a visual display changes over time, and that different response systems tend to access this information at different moments in time.Keywords: Eye movements, visual search, attentional capture, oculomotor capture, voluntary and reflexive attention Localization by Hand and Eye 3 Selective attention is typically characterized as having two distinct subtypes: one subtype is variously named reflexive, exogenous, bottom-up and stimulus-driven attention, and the other subtype is referred to as voluntary, endogenous, top-down, and goal-directed attention. The bifurcation of selective attention into these subtypes has been supported by distinct function (e.g., Posner, 1980;Posner and Cohen, 1984;Lu and Dosher, 2000;Taylor and Klein, 1998) Selection by reflexive attention is driven by inherently attractive stimulus properties.Voluntary attention, in contrast, is often characterized as a goal-directed filter that uses expectations about the target's perceptual features to enhance certain visual channels over others in order to isolate the target from the rest of the display. An important question that is the subject of heated debate in the literature is how reflexive and voluntary attention function during search of the environment for a specific visual item, particularly in the face of a range of distracting events. The attentional capture paradigm is typically used as a method for measuring the relative contributions of reflexive and voluntary attention to visual search by measuring the efficiency of search for a given target when it is paired with specific kinds of distractors.Several studies have emphasized the role of stimulus properties in guiding attention.Some have argued that unique visual features in the environment are able to "capture" attention reflexively, without being relevant to task goals. For instance, a single red item among green ones will interfere with search for a specific shape, even when color is irrelevant to the task (Theeuwes, 1992). Theeuwes argues that this is because attention is initially allocated to the most perceptually s...

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“…greater insight in the early stages of processing, as eye movements can be elicited earlier than manual response times (e.g., Ludwig & Gilchrist, 2002). Moreover, saccadic eye movements provide accurate information as to what area in the visual field has been selected.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of salience on saccadic target selection

Zoest

Donk

2005

Visual Cognition

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Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of saliency on saccadic target selection as a function of time. Participants were required to make a speeded saccade towards a target defined by a unique orientation presented concurrently with multiple nontargets and one distractor. Target and distractor were equally salient within the orientation dimension but varied in saliency in the colour dimension. Within the colour dimension, the target presented could be more, equally, or less salient than the distractor. The results showed that saliency played a large role early during processing while no effects of saliency were found in later processing. Results are discussed in terms of models on visual selection.Imagine yourself in the library looking for a specific book. You know the name of the author and the title, but you have no idea what the book looks like. Assume that on an average day, it takes you about 5 minutes, measured from the point in time you walk into the library, to find an average shaped and coloured book by title and author. It might take you only 1 minute when the book you are looking for happens to be bright red and very large. Many people believe that if a stimulus is sufficiently salient, it will pop out of a visual scene. In turn, they assume that search performance is better when the salient stimulus is the target of search, as compared to when a nonsalient item is the target of search.Most researchers in the area of visual selective attention assume that covert (attentional) selection and overt (oculomotor) selection are at least partly determined by stimulus salience, or more generally speaking by the stimulus properties in the visual field (Cave & Wolfe, 1990;Itti & Koch, 2000;Koch & Ullman, 1985; Theeuwes, 1991Theeuwes, , 1992Theeuwes, , 1994Wolfe, 1994;Wolfe, Cave, & Franzel, 1989). To incorporate this idea, recent models of visual selection have proposed that visual selection is determined by the output provided by some common salience map. Within a salience map, the location with the highest activation level corresponds to the most salient location at that point in time and

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Stimulus-driven and goal-driven control over visual selection.

Cited by 123 publications

References 55 publications

The Role of Stimulus-Driven and Goal-Driven Control in Saccadic Visual Selection.

The Role of Stimulus-Driven and Goal-Driven Control in Saccadic Visual Selection.

The time course of attentional and oculomotor capture reveals a common cause.

The effects of salience on saccadic target selection

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