STLV-1 as a model for studying HTLV-1 infection

Jegado, Brice; Kashanchi, Fatah; Dutartre, Hélène; Mahieux, Renaud

doi:10.1186/s12977-019-0503-0

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…FVs are characterized by a high degree of sequence conservation within a virus species but also between the different genera. Even following host species switches, genomes are highly stable similar to the situation of human and simian T cell leukemia viruses (HTLVs and STLVs) [ 123 ]. Similarly to HTLV, the BFV is highly cell-associated, a trait that reduces genetic diversity via repeated, numerous rounds of transmission and reverse transcription events as in HIV with its high level genetic variability within and between infected individuals [ 123 ].…”

Section: Interconnection and Co-evolution Of Unique Or Non-canonicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even following host species switches, genomes are highly stable similar to the situation of human and simian T cell leukemia viruses (HTLVs and STLVs) [ 123 ]. Similarly to HTLV, the BFV is highly cell-associated, a trait that reduces genetic diversity via repeated, numerous rounds of transmission and reverse transcription events as in HIV with its high level genetic variability within and between infected individuals [ 123 ]. However, selection of BFV for a cell-free and high-titer transmission phenotype reproducibly and independently results in the in vitro selection of BFV variants with this novel phenotype within a comparably short time [ 106 , 124 ].…”

Section: Interconnection and Co-evolution Of Unique Or Non-canonicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Unique, the Known, and the Unknown of Spumaretrovirus Assembly

Lindemann

Hütter

Wei

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Within the family of Retroviridae, foamy viruses (FVs) are unique and unconventional with respect to many aspects in their molecular biology, including assembly and release of enveloped viral particles. Both components of the minimal assembly and release machinery, Gag and Env, display significant differences in their molecular structures and functions compared to the other retroviruses. This led to the placement of FVs into a separate subfamily, the Spumaretrovirinae. Here, we describe the molecular differences in FV Gag and Env, as well as Pol, which is translated as a separate protein and not in an orthoretroviral manner as a Gag-Pol fusion protein. This feature further complicates FV assembly since a specialized Pol encapsidation strategy via a tripartite Gag-genome–Pol complex is used. We try to relate the different features and specific interaction patterns of the FV Gag, Pol, and Env proteins in order to develop a comprehensive and dynamic picture of particle assembly and release, but also other features that are indirectly affected. Since FVs are at the root of the retrovirus tree, we aim at dissecting the unique/specialized features from those shared among the Spuma- and Orthoretrovirinae. Such analyses may shed light on the evolution and characteristics of virus envelopment since related viruses within the Ortervirales, for instance LTR retrotransposons, are characterized by different levels of envelopment, thus affecting the capacity for intercellular transmission.

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Section: Interconnection and Co-evolution Of Unique Or Non-canonicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interconnection and Co-evolution Of Unique Or Non-canonicmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Unique, the Known, and the Unknown of Spumaretrovirus Assembly

Lindemann

Hütter

Wei

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…As we saw above, antisense transcription is not exclusive to HIV-1. Indeed, not only some other lentiviruses (FIV, BIV), deltaretroviruses (HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-3, HTLV-4, STLV-1,and BLV), and gammaretroviruses (MLV) but notably some phylogenetic divergent viruses as Herpesviridae are capable of so-called antisense transcription ( Spivack and Fraser, 1987 ; Larocca et al, 1989 ; Flemington and Speck, 1990 ; Cheung, 1991 ; Holden et al, 1992 ; Prang et al, 1995 ; Perng et al, 1996 , 2002 ; Speck et al, 1997 ; Jiang et al, 1998 ; Borchers et al, 1999 ; Ciacci-Zanella et al, 1999 ; Briquet et al, 2001 ; Gaudray et al, 2002 ; Inman et al, 2004 ; Rajčáni et al, 2004 ; Bego et al, 2005 ; Calattini et al, 2005 , 2006 ; Jones et al, 2006 ; Ahn et al, 2007 , 2010 ; Ou et al, 2007 ; Duellman et al, 2009 ; Halin et al, 2009 ; Rasmussen et al, 2010 ; Larocque et al, 2011 , 2014 ; Barbeau et al, 2013 ; Miura et al, 2013 ; Barbeau and Mesnard, 2015 ; Barez et al, 2015 ; Daskalogianni et al, 2015 ; Liu et al, 2015 ; Durkin et al, 2016 ; Fochi et al, 2018 ; Moldován et al, 2018 ; Harrod, 2019 ; Jégado et al, 2019 ; Martinez et al, 2019 ; Tagaya et al, 2019 ; Hau et al, 2020 ; Matsuoka and Mesnard, 2020 ). In cell lines infected with laboratory-adapted FIV isolates and in various lymphoid tissues of cats infected by a FIV primary isolate, antisense transcripts arising from an antisense ORF that is complementary to the FIV env gene were detected ( Briquet et al, 2001 ).…”

Section: Functions Of Antisense Transcripts and Antisense Proteins Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antisense Transcripts and Antisense Protein: A New Perspective on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

et al. 2021

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It was first predicted in 1988 that there may be an Open Reading Frame (ORF) on the negative strand of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome that could encode a protein named AntiSense Protein (ASP). In spite of some controversy, reports began to emerge some years later describing the detection of HIV-1 antisense transcripts, the presence of ASP in transfected and infected cells, and the existence of an immune response targeting ASP. Recently, it was established that the asp gene is exclusively conserved within the pandemic group M of HIV-1. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on HIV-1 antisense transcripts and ASP, and we discuss their potential functions in HIV-1 infection together with the role played by antisense transcripts and ASPs in some other viruses. Finally, we suggest pathways raised by the study of antisense transcripts and ASPs that may warrant exploration in the future.

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“…Rabbits have been successfully infected with HTLV-1 and have been a long-standing model of in vivo viral replication (reviewed in [114,115]); however full-fledged HTLV-1 diseases are not reproducibly observed in infected rabbits, limiting their utility. An intriguing, but expensive and relatively unavailable model is the simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1), variants of which infect a wide variety old world monkeys and apes (reviewed in [116]). Chronic infection, often asymptomatic and only progressing to an ATLL-like phenotype in a subset of animals, is a hallmark of STLV-1 infection.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 and Strongyloides stercoralis: Partners in Pathogenesis

et al. 2020

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Infection with human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been associated with various clinical syndromes including co-infection with Strongyloides stercoralis, which is an intestinal parasitic nematode and the leading cause of strongyloidiasis in humans. Interestingly, HTLV-1 endemic areas coincide with regions citing high prevalence of S. stercoralis infection, making these communities optimal for elucidating the pathogenesis of co-infection and its clinical significance. HTLV-1 co-infection with S. stercoralis has been observed for decades in a number of published patient cases and case series; however, the implications of this co-infection remain elusive. Thus far, data suggest that S. stercoralis increases proviral load in patients co-infected with HTLV-1 compared to HTLV-1 infection alone. Furthermore, co-infection with HTLV-1 has been associated with shifting the immune response from Th2 to Th1, affecting the ability of the immune system to address the helminth infection. Thus, despite this well-known association, further research is required to fully elucidate the impact of each pathogen on disease manifestations in co-infected patients. This review provides an analytical view of studies that have evaluated the variation within HTLV-1 patients in susceptibility to S. stercoralis infection, as well as the effects of strongyloidiasis on HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Further, it provides a compilation of available clinical reports on the epidemiology and pathology of HTLV-1 with parasitic co-infection as well as data from mechanistic studies suggesting possible immunopathogenic mechanisms. Furthermore, specific areas of potential future research have been highlighted to facilitate advancing understanding of the complex interactions between these two pathogens.

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STLV-1 as a model for studying HTLV-1 infection

Cited by 18 publications

References 110 publications

The Unique, the Known, and the Unknown of Spumaretrovirus Assembly

The Unique, the Known, and the Unknown of Spumaretrovirus Assembly

Antisense Transcripts and Antisense Protein: A New Perspective on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 and Strongyloides stercoralis: Partners in Pathogenesis

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