Stochastic Economic–Resilience Management of Combined Cooling, Heat, and Power-Based Microgrids in a Multi-Objective Approach

Abstract

The primary goal of a microgrid (MG) operator is to provide electricity to consumers while minimizing costs. For this aim, the operator must engage in the cost-effective management of its resource outputs, which can encompass electrical, thermal, or combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) systems. Conversely, there has been a growing emphasis on enhancing the resilience of MGs in response to low-probability high-impact (LPHI) incidents in recent years. Therefore, MG-associated energy management strategies have to factor in resilience considerations. While resilience improvement activities increase the operational cost, they lead to a reduction in lost load, and subsequently, a decrease in the MG outage costs, making these activities economically viable. This paper focuses on MGs’ energy management with the primary goals of enhancing resilience, minimizing operational costs, and mitigating active power losses as well as environmental pollution. To attain this goal, various means like renewable resources (specifically photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) systems), CCHP, and energy storage devices are integrated. Additionally, for reaching the solution, a genetic algorithm (GA) is implemented. MG operation considers the resilience concept, and according to the obtained results, it is observed that the cost of operation and environmental pollution, respectively, experience an increase about 6.31% and 2.8%. However, due to the reduction in outage costs by an average of 13.91% and power losses by 0.5%, the overall cost is diminished about 5.93%. This cost reduction is achieved through increased CCHP generation and a decreased outage duration during emergencies.

Requirement on the Capacity of Energy Storage to Meet the 2 °C Goal

“…To achieve this target, numerous countries have accelerated the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy [5][6][7]. Wind and photovoltaic (PV) technologies are considered to be cost-effective among various renewable energy sources [8,9], while bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is essential to achieve a high probability of limiting global warming to below 2 • C [10]. However, the temporal power fluctuations of wind, PV, and BECCS form significant challenges to achieve the planned target of CO 2 emission reduction by threatening energy security [11][12][13].…”