Stochastic time-series models for drought assessment in the Gaza Strip (Palestine)

Abstract

The Eastern Mediterranean region of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is experiencing patterns of major drought due to the effects of rising temperatures and falling precipitation levels. The multiscale drought evaluation Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) reveals evolving and severe drought from North Africa and the Sinai desert toward the Middle East. While there has been a period without drought between 1970 and 1990, the severity and frequency of drought increased considerably after 1990. Current drought conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean region of MENA is moderate to severe with a 60–100% likelihood of occurrence, according to time parameters. The Gaza Strip is especially vulnerable to the consequences of increasing drought because it is situated in the vicinity of the Sinai Desert; therefore, a downscaled study of drought in the region is essential to implement mitigation measures for the sustainable management and planning of coastal aquifer and agricultural activities in the Gaza Strip. Considerable availability of precipitation time series from various meteorological stations helped provide a local drought study for the Gaza Strip, in accordance with the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The stochastic time-series model of (4,0,1) (5,1,1)12 shows a robust simulator for modeling and forecasting the future trend of precipitation at the nine meteorological stations. In terms of correlation accuracy, the model achieves a correlation (r) of approximately 93–97% in the calibration range and a correlation (r) of about 92–99% in the validation range. In terms of measuring the difference between the values, the root mean squared error (RMSE) of the model results shows that the RMSE was between 7–21 in the calibration range and 11–21 in the validation range. The model reveals a slightly stable trend in precipitation patterns at the northern meteorological stations of Beit Hanon, Beit Lahia, Shati, and Remal. However, declining precipitation tendency was recorded at the southern meteorological stations of Mughraka, Nussirat, Beir Al-Balah, Khanyounis, and Rafah. The SPI-based drought assessment implies that the precipitation annual threshold levels at SPI = 0 drop territorially from 474 mm in the north to about 250 mm in the south of the Gaza Strip. In this study, a representative 12-month local scale SPI12 at an annual precipitation threshold level of 370 mm was formulated to address the drought conditions in the Gaza Strip. Standing on the outputs of the local SPI12 scale might signify that the region of the Gaza Strip risks drought status with an incidence likelihood varying from 8% in the north to 100% in the south. Regular drought is prevalent in the northern governorates, but the hazards of extreme and severe drought are high in the southern areas with an incidence risk of about 83%. Sequentially, southern governorates of Rafah and Khanyounis experience chronic annual drought, while the return period of drought is reported to be every 9–12 years in the northern governorates of the Gaza Strip. The rain-fed years of 1998 and 2010 reported the worst periods of drought, while the period of 2016 showed a good droughtless water balance. Overall, the no-drought status might define the prospective conditions in the governorates of North Gaza, Gaza, and central Gaza over the next 20 years, while Rafah and Khanyounis are anticipated to be under normal to severe drought conditions.

Statistical modeling of spatial and temporal vulnerability of groundwater level in the Gaza Strip (Palestine)

“…The forecasted rainfall time series data up to 2040 was obtained from Al-Najjar et al (2020). The rainfall model reveals that the rainfall declines by a yearly average trend of about À0.26%, hence the average yearly rainfall for the Gaza Strip over the next 20 years is assigned to 370 mm.…”

“…The power of ANN models in groundwater studies refers to their advantages as groundwater management tools for studying the impact of water policies and intervention plans on the sustainability and the recovery of groundwater resources (Krishna et al 2008;Trichakis et al 2009;Mohanty et al 2010). The statistical data-driven methods have been exploited by many researchers to simulate the climate and hydrology of water (Kumbuyo et al 2014;Al-Najjar et al 2020. The stochastic ARIMA models are widely used in water resources management applications, especially for modeling hydrological stream flows, groundwater level fluctuations, and drought patterns (Myronidis et al 2018;Takafuji et al 2018;Sakizadeh et al 2019;.…”

Development of multivariate integrated drought monitoring index (MIDMI) for Warangal region of Telangana, India

“…Drought is one of the least understood but most expensive natural disasters and affects water resources severely (Al-Najjar et al 2020). It can occur in any climate regime.…”