Stock and recruitment in North Sea herring (Clupea harengus); compensation and depensation in the population dynamics

Nash, Richard D.M.; Dickey‐Collas, Mark; Kell, Laurence T.

doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2008.08.003

Cited by 46 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…6). This is in line with Nash et al (2009), reporting a 10-fold increase in per capita offspring production in the years 1977-1980 when North Sea herring was in what is generally considered to be a 'collapsed state' (Dickey-Collas et al 2010). They also found that high adult density, after the rebuilding of the herring population, resulted in a negative correlation between adult herring abundance and per capita number of offspring, which is indicative of a population regulated (kept in stable equilibrium) by the reproduction process .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Size‐based species interactions shape herring and cod population dynamics in the face of exploitation

Denderen¹,

Kooten²

2013

Ecosphere

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Citation: van Denderen, P. D., and T. van Kooten. 2013. Size-based species interactions shape herring and cod population dynamics in the face of exploitation. Ecosphere 4(10):130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00164.1Abstract. Size-specific competition and predation interactions often link the population dynamics of fish species in their response to exploitation. The effects of harvesting on interacting fish species is of increasing relevance as more and more fish populations worldwide are reduced by fishing. When stocks are harvested, effects of harvesting may percolate to populations of other species with which it interacts through competition, predation, etcetera. When multiple species are exploited, this can lead to interactions between fisheries, mediated by ecological interactions. Nevertheless, most fish stocks are managed using a single-species framework. We studied how single-species explanations of historical population dynamics work out when size-based interactions between harvested species are taken into account. We have taken as a case study the dynamics of cod (Gadus morhua) and herring (Clupea harengus) in the North Sea. These dynamics are generally considered to be shaped by fishing pressure on and food availability to single species. Our results indicate that the explanatory power of these factors is maintained with the inclusion of species interactions, but the processes leading to the observed patterns are altered as the fates of the species are interdependent. The sign and magnitude of the interaction between the species depends on the state of the populations, their exploitation history and environmental factors such as resource productivity. This context-dependent response to changing fishery intensity has important ramifications for management. We show that management plans for the exploitation of either one of these species, or for the recovery of North Sea cod, which do not account for these subtle interactions, may fail or backfire. Hence, such interactions link the fate of these species in complex ways, which must be taken into consideration for successful management of their exploitation, including harvesting at maximum sustainable yield, as we move towards an ecosystem-based management of marine fisheries.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Size‐based species interactions shape herring and cod population dynamics in the face of exploitation

Denderen¹,

Kooten²

2013

Ecosphere

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“…First, the collapse of herring occurred during the "gadoid outburst" when many benthic species, including haddock, experienced their highest levels of recruitment on record in the North Sea (26). Second, recruitment of herring during the gadoid outburst was low relative to recruitment at comparable population levels during the recovery when haddock populations were low (27). Third, an ∼80% drop in larval herring abundance occurred between 1967 and 1968 (28) following the largest recorded year class of North Sea haddock in 1967.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of egg predation by haddock in the decline of an Atlantic herring population

Richardson

Hare

Fogarty

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Theoretical studies suggest that the abrupt and substantial changes in the productivity of some fisheries species may be explained by predation-driven alternate stable states in their population levels. With this hypothesis, an increase in fishing or a natural perturbation can drive a population from an upper to a lower stable-equilibrium population level. After fishing is reduced or the perturbation ended, this low population level can persist due to the regulatory effect of the predator. Although established in theoretical studies, there is limited empirical support for predation-driven alternate stable states in exploited marine fish populations. We present evidence that egg predation by haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) can cause alternate stable population levels in Georges Bank Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). Egg predation by haddock explains a substantial decoupling of herring spawning stock biomass (an index of egg production) from observed larval herring abundance (an index of egg hatching). Estimated egg survival rates ranged from <2-70% from 1971 to 2005. A population model incorporating egg predation and herring fishing explains the major population trends of Georges Bank herring over four decades and predicts that, when the haddock population is high, seemingly conservative levels of fishing can still precipitate a severe decline in the herring population. These findings illustrate how efforts to rebuild fisheries can be undermined by not incorporating ecological interactions into fisheries models and management plans.depensation | predator pit | population dynamics | fish recruitment C lassic single-species fishery models, which assume that changes in population abundance are largely a function of fishing mortality and density-dependent population responses, cannot account for the rapid and persistent shifts in abundance observed in some marine fish populations (1, 2). This lack of agreement between model predictions and observed trends may be explained by the inability of single-species models to resolve alternate stable states in population levels caused by species interactions (1, 3). In the simplest form, a population with alternate stable states has three equilibrium levels: an upper and lower stable equilibrium and an intermediate unstable equilibrium, above which population growth is positive and below which it is negative. This contrasts with the single upper stable equilibrium, or carrying capacity, of classic population models, including most single-species fisheries models. One mechanism that can generate alternate stable states in a population is consumption by a predator that becomes satiated at high prey abundances (1,(4)(5)(6). With this mechanism, per capita mortality from predation increases as the prey population declines. Below the unstable equilibrium, predation mortality is sufficient to cause negative population growth. At very low population abundances, prey switching by the predator or the existence of a predation refuge results in the lower stable equilibrium; this low...

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“…Fish stocks in the different stages of collapse or recovery show many changes in population demographics, ecology and productivity (Shelton et al, 2006;Melvin and Stephenson, 2007;Nash et al, 2009). One of the classic examples of a fisheriesinduced collapse followed by stock recovery is North Sea herring (Simmonds, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recolonisation of spawning grounds in a recovering fish stock: recent changes in North Sea herring

Schmidt¹,

Damme²,

Röckmann³

et al. 2009

Sci. Mar.

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SUMMARY: There is evidence that the importance of the different spawning grounds of North Sea autumn-spawning herring has changed. It has been hypothesised that as herring stocks collapse, the diversity of spawning sites also collapses. This was found to be the case in the North Sea autumn-spawning herring, which collapsed in the late 1970s. The ICES International Herring Larval Survey has been carried out since 1972 and covers most of the potential and historic spawning grounds of herring. The recovery of the stock did take place as predicted in terms of biomass, and re-colonisation of old spawning sites also did occur. We show that, despite the delayed response in re-colonisation of the southern spawning areas, there is almost no change in the number of spawning locations where the highest abundances of larvae (top 50%) are found from collapse to recovery (approximately 9 sites). It was a change in these core sites and the spread to other locations with lower larval abundance that caused the spread of herring spawning. We show that larval surveys are a useful tool for describing the dynamics of sub-stock structure in heterogeneous populations such as herring.Keywords: spatial diversity, larvae survey, IHLS, re-colonisation, downs. RESUMEN: RECOLONIZACIÓN DE LAS ÁREAS DE REPRODUCCIÓN EN UN STOCK DE PECES EN RECUPERACIÓN: RECIENTES CAMBIOS EN ELARENQUE DEL MAR DEL NORTE. -Hay pruebas de que la importancia de las diversas zonas de desove de otoño del arenque del Mar del Norte han cambiado. Existe la hipótesis de que cuando las poblaciones de arenque colapsan la diversidad de los lugares de desove también colapsan. Este fue el caso del arenque desovante de otoño en el Mar del Norte, que se derrumbó a finales de 1970. La campaña de larvas de arenque internacional ICES se ha llevado a cabo desde 1972 y cubre la mayoría de las zonas de desove, potenciales o históricas, del arenque. La recuperación de la población se llevó a cabo como se predijo en términos de la biomasa y también ocurrió la recolonización de los antiguos lugares de desove. Se demuestra que a pesar de la demora en la respuesta en el restablecimiento de la colonización de las zonas de desove del sur no hay casi ningún cambio en el número de lugares de desove, en los que la abundancia de larvas fue la más alta(>50%) desde el colapso a la recuperación (alrededor de 9 sitios). Se trata de un cambio en estos lugares centrales y la propagación a otros lugares con menor abundancia de larvas que producen la propagación del arenque desovante. Se demuestra que las campañas de larvas son una herramienta útil para describir la dinámica de la estructura de sub-stocks en poblaciones heterogéneas, como las de arenque.Palabras clave: diversidad espacial, campañas de larvas, IHLS, recolonización, altibajos.

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Stock and recruitment in North Sea herring (Clupea harengus); compensation and depensation in the population dynamics

Cited by 46 publications

References 46 publications

Size‐based species interactions shape herring and cod population dynamics in the face of exploitation

Size‐based species interactions shape herring and cod population dynamics in the face of exploitation

Role of egg predation by haddock in the decline of an Atlantic herring population

Recolonisation of spawning grounds in a recovering fish stock: recent changes in North Sea herring

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