“…Finally, we provide evidence that the overall government response index, which is the average of the stringency, containment health and economy indicators, positively affects the S&P500 CEI. A group of papers in the literature confirms that government lockdown policies have a short-term negative impact on stock returns and the real economy (Anh & Gan, 2020;Davis et al, 2021;Mandel & Veetil, 2020). On the other hand, there is evidence that health policies and economic incentives positively affect stock returns (Kizys et al, 2021;Rubbaniy et al, 2021;Zaremba et al, 2021).…”