“…Indeed, academic research confirms that consumer confidence indices (CCIs) have predictive power (Acemoglu and Scott, 1994;Carroll et al, 1994;Bram and Ludvigson, 1998). More recently, consumer confidence indices have also found their way into financial research where they have started to be used as a direct proxy for investor sentiment (Qiu and Welch, 2006;Kalotay et al, 2007;Akhtar et al, 2011Akhtar et al, , 2012Zouaoui et al, 2011;Bathia and Bredin, 2013;Coakley et al, 2013). This may be somewhat puzzling because while consumer confidence, and therefore indices measuring it, can be expected to be shaped by market fundamentals (Acemoglu and Scott, 1994;Poterba, 2000), investor sentiment, at least in the sense of DeLong et al (1990), represents the irrational part of the price creation process.…”