Stomatal distribution and size in southern Appalachian hardwoods

Carpenter, Stanley B.; Smith, Naomi D.

doi:10.1139/b75-137

Cited by 45 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…5. herbacea is amphistomatous (stomata present on both leaf surfaces); therefore measurements were made on the herbarium and fresh leaves on both the abaxial {n = 25) and adaxial {n = 25) leaf surfaces to obtain a mean stomatal length comparable to that obtained from the fossil cuticles {n = 50). Unlike previous studies (Carpenter & Smith, 1975;Jones, 1977;Pallardy & Kozlowski, 1979), stomatal length was poorly correlated with stomatal density {r^ = 9%; P> 0-05).…”

Section: Y Beer Ling and F I Woodward Vegetation In General Circontrasting

confidence: 90%

Ecophysiological responses of plants to global environmental change since the Last Glacial Maximum

Beerling

Woodward

1993

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYEcophysiological information on the responses of plants to past global environmental changes may be obtained from Quaternary fossil leaves by measurements of (i) stomatal density, (ii) stomatal dimensions and (iii) '•''C discrimination (A ^'C). The stomatal density and stomatal dimensions of leaves can be used to calculate stomatal conductance, while leaf A "C values provide independent infortnation on stomatal conductance and plant water use efficiency. In this paper, stomatal conductance is calculated for a sequence of radiocarbon dated fossil leaves of Salix herbacea L. which, together witb herbarium and fresb material, represents a time-series spanning from tbe Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (16500 yrBP) to tbe present day. Tbe calculated values were tben tested against leaf A '''C values previously reported for tbe same material.Our calculations sbow tbat stomatal conductance is negatively correlated witb increases in atmospberic COĉ oncentration over tbe last 16500 yr. Tbis represents tbe first evidence of long-term response of stomatal conductance to increases in atmospberic COj concentration and confirms tbe response observed in experimental systems exposing plants to lower-tban-present CO.^ concentrations in controlled environments. The calculated decrease in conductance was positively correlated witb leaf A '''C values, supporting tbis interpretation. Tbe mean leaf A '-'C value for tbe 18tb and 19tb centuries was significantly (P < 0-05) lower tban tbe mean for tbe interval LGM-Holocene (10000 yr BP) implying an increase in plant water-use-efficiency over tbis time. Tbese two lines of evidence, together witb tbe stomatal density record from a glacial cycle, and experimental studies growing Cg plants in glacial-to-present CO^ concentrations, strongly imply tbat tbe water use efficiency of vegetation during tbe LGM was lower tban at present and tbat it bas increased since tbat time. Furtber evidence in support of tbis conclusion comes from tbe pattern of world vegetation types present during tbe LGM previously reconstructed using palaeoecological data. Tbis evidence demonstrates tbat tbe distribution of vegetation types during tbe LGM was significantly different from tbat of tbe present day and sbowed a contraction in tbe area of rain forest and a major expansion of desert areas.

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Section: Y Beer Ling and F I Woodward Vegetation In General Circontrasting

confidence: 90%

Ecophysiological responses of plants to global environmental change since the Last Glacial Maximum

Beerling

Woodward

1993

New Phytologist

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“…Stomata density was found to be unrelated to SLA and leaf nutrient contents. The observed decrease of stomata density with successional time does probably not reflect a gradient in light conditions, as stomata density has been described to be not associated with shade tolerance [34]. Instead, a high stomata density in early-successional stages might allow a more effective and fine-tuned control of conductivity [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Leaf Trait-Environment Relationships in a Subtropical Broadleaved Forest in South-East China

et al. 2012

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Although trait analyses have become more important in community ecology, trait-environment correlations have rarely been studied along successional gradients. We asked which environmental variables had the strongest impact on intraspecific and interspecific trait variation in the community and which traits were most responsive to the environment. We established a series of plots in a secondary forest in the Chinese subtropics, stratified by successional stages that were defined by the time elapsed since the last logging activities. On a total of 27 plots all woody plants were recorded and a set of individuals of every species was analysed for leaf traits, resulting in a trait matrix of 26 leaf traits for 122 species. A Fourth Corner Analysis revealed that the mean values of many leaf traits were tightly related to the successional gradient. Most shifts in traits followed the leaf economics spectrum with decreasing specific leaf area and leaf nutrient contents with successional time. Beside succession, few additional environmental variables resulted in significant trait relationships, such as soil moisture and soil C and N content as well as topographical variables. Not all traits were related to the leaf economics spectrum, and thus, to the successional gradient, such as stomata size and density. By comparing different permutation models in the Fourth Corner Analysis, we found that the trait-environment link was based more on the association of species with the environment than of the communities with species traits. The strong species-environment association was brought about by a clear gradient in species composition along the succession series, while communities were not well differentiated in mean trait composition. In contrast, intraspecific trait variation did not show close environmental relationships. The study confirmed the role of environmental trait filtering in subtropical forests, with traits associated with the leaf economics spectrum being the most responsive ones.

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“…Stomatal traits are linked with foliar conductance for CO 2 and water transport (e.g. Salisbury 1927;Carpenter & Smith 1975;Woodward 1987;Von Willert et al 1992;Beerling & Kelly 1996;Gutschik 1999); epidermal cell size to nuclear DNA amount, phenology and drought tolerance (e.g. Cutler et al 1977;Grime et al 1985;van Arendonk & Poorter 1994).…”

Section: Traits and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional traits of woody plants: correspondence of species rankings between field adults and laboratory‐grown seedlings?

Cornelissen

Cerabolini

Castro‐Díez

et al. 2003

J Vegetation Science

152

100

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Abstract.Research into interspecific variation in functional traits is important for our understanding of trade-offs in plant design and function, for plant functional type classifications and for understanding ecosystem responses to shifts in species composition. Interspecific rankings of functional traits are a function of, among other factors, ontogenetic or allometric development and environmental effects on phenotypes. For woody plants, which attain large size and long lives, these factors might have strong effects on interspecific trait rankings. This paper is the first to test and compare the correspondence of interspecific rankings between laboratory grown seedlings and field grown adult plants for a wide range of functional leaf and stem traits. It employs data for 90 diverse woody and semiwoody species in a temperate British and a (sub)Mediterranean Spanish flora, all collected according to a strict protocol. For 12 out of 14 leaf and stem traits we found significant correlations between the species ranking in laboratory seedlings and field adults. For leaf size and maximum stem vessel diameter > 50 % of variation in field adults was explained by that in laboratory seedlings. Two important determinants of plant and ecosystem functioning, specific leaf area and leaf N content, had only 27 to 36 and 17 to 31 % of variation, respectively, in field adults explained by laboratory seedlings, owing to subsets of species with particular ecologies deviating from the general trend. In contrast, interspecific rankings for the same traits were strongly correlated between populations of field adults on different geological substrata. Extrapolation of interspecific trait rankings from laboratory seedlings to adult plants in the field, or vice versa, should be done with great caution. Keywords: Allometry; Interspecific variation; Intraspecific variation; Ontogeny; Shrub; Trait; Tree.Nomenclature: Castroviejo et al. (1986Castroviejo et al. ( -2000; Stace (1991).Abbreviations: DM/SM = Leaf dry mass/saturated mass ratio; LD = leaf density; PAR = Photosynthetically active radiation; SLA = Specific leaf area; SSLM = Specific saturated leaf mass; SVD max = Maximum stem vessel diameter.

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Stomatal distribution and size in southern Appalachian hardwoods

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

Ecophysiological responses of plants to global environmental change since the Last Glacial Maximum

Ecophysiological responses of plants to global environmental change since the Last Glacial Maximum

Leaf Trait-Environment Relationships in a Subtropical Broadleaved Forest in South-East China

Functional traits of woody plants: correspondence of species rankings between field adults and laboratory‐grown seedlings?

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