Stone composition of renal stone formers from different global regions

Abstract

Objective: To study urinary stone composition patterns in different populations around the world. Materials and methods: Data were collected by reviewing charts of 1204 adult patients of 10 countries with renal or ureteral stones (> 18 years) in whom a stone analysis was done and available. Any method of stone analysis was accepted, but the methodology had to be registered. Results: In total, we observed 710 (59%) patients with calcium oxalate, 31 (1%) with calcium phosphate, 161 (13%) with mixed calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate, 15 (1%) with carbapatite, 110 (9%) with uric acid, 7 (< 1%) with urate (ammonium or sodium), 100 (9%) with mixed with uric acid/ calcium oxalate, 56 (5%) with struvite and 14 (1%) with cystine stones. Calciumcontaining stones were the most common in all countries ranging from 43 to 91%. Oxalate stones were more common than phosphate or mixed phosphate/oxalate stones in most countries except Egypt and India. The rate of uric acid containing stones ranged from 4 to 34%, being higher in Egypt, India, Pakistan, Iraq, Poland and Bulgaria. Struvite stones occurred in less than 5% in all countries except India (23%) and Pakistan (16%). Cystine stones occurred in 1% of cases. Conclusions: The frequency of different types of urinary stones varies from country to country. Calcium-containing stones are prevalent in all countries. The frequency of uric acid containing stones seems to depend mainly on climatic factors, being higher in countries with desert or tropical climates. Dietary patterns can also lead to an increase in the frequency of uric acid containing stones in association with high obesity rates. Struvite stones are decreasing in most countries due to improved health conditions.

Spectrum of Bacterial Pathogens from Urinary Infections Associated with Struvite and Metabolic Stones

“…After the publication of the data in July 2021 [21], the Scientific Office of U-merge decided to extend the study to the association of infections with stones of different compositions. Patients were subdivided according to the stone composition in patients with infection stones and patients with metabolic stones.…”

Type 4 renal tubular acidosis and uric acid nephrolithiasis: two faces of the same coin?

“…In stone formers from the Middle East, UA stones represent the second most encountered stone type after CaOx stones [44,45], whereas in large series of stone formers from developed countries, UA stones represent the third most encountered stone type, following in frequency CaOx and calcium phosphate stones [46][47][48]. However, several single-center longitudinal series have reported a progressive increase in the proportion of UA stones over the past 3-4 decades [49,50], and a recent large U.S. multistate series of nearly 100 000 stones analyzed between 2016-2019 reported UA stones to be the second most encountered stone type after CaOx stones [51 ,53,54], and are significantly more common among male (vs. female), older (vs. younger), obese (vs. nonobese), and diabetic (vs. nondiabetic) stone formers [51…”

Perception of Dietary Influences on Renal Stone Formation Among the General Population

“…The prevalence of the stone disease is on the rise over the past two decades with an increasing burden of disease across gender, age, and race [ 2 ]. Existing evidence suggests that the prevalence of kidney stone disease in Pakistan is approximately 16% [ 3 ]. The prevalence of urolithiasis by age groups is as high as 31.5% in 40-49 year-olds, 29.6% in 30-39 year-olds, and 12.2% in 20-29 year-olds [ 4 ].…”