Stopping speech suppresses the task-irrelevant hand

Cai, Weidong; Oldenkamp, Caitlin L.; Aron, Adam R.

doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2011.11.006

Cited by 74 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…The first study along these lines showed that when subjects stopped their hand, there were reduced MEPs from the leg (Badry et al, 2009). This has now been replicated many times for stopping of hands, speech, and even eyes (Cai et al, 2012; Greenhouse et al, 2012; Majid et al, 2012; Wessel et al, In press; Wessel et al, 2013) (FIGURE 4B), also see (Coxon et al, 2006; MacDonald et al, 2014; Sohn et al, 2002) for similar results with related paradigms. Together, these studies clearly show that rapidly stopping one effector broadly affects the skeletomotor system.…”

Section: The Brain’s Network For Global Motor Stoppingsupporting

confidence: 61%

On the Globality of Motor Suppression: Unexpected Events and Their Influence on Behavior and Cognition

Wessel

Aron

2017

Neuron

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383

382

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SUMMARY Unexpected events are part of everyday experience. They come in several varieties – action errors, unexpected action outcomes, and unexpected perceptual events – and they lead to motor slowing and cognitive distraction. While different varieties of unexpected events have been studied largely independently, and many different mechanisms are thought to explain their effects on action and cognition, we suggest a unifying theory. We propose that unexpected events recruit a fronto-basal-ganglia network for stopping. This network includes specific prefrontal cortical nodes and is posited to project to the subthalamic nucleus, with a putative global suppressive effect on basal-ganglia output. We argue that unexpected events interrupt action and impact cognition, partly at least, by recruiting this global suppressive network. This provides a common mechanistic basis for different types of unexpected events, links the literatures on motor inhibition, performance-monitoring, attention, and working memory, and is relevant for understanding clinical symptoms of distractibility and mental inflexibility.

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Section: The Brain’s Network For Global Motor Stoppingsupporting

confidence: 61%

On the Globality of Motor Suppression: Unexpected Events and Their Influence on Behavior and Cognition

Wessel

Aron

2017

Neuron

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383

382

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“…In particular, reactive inhibitory control seemed to have a "global" effect on corticomotor excitability (Cai, Oldenkamp, & Aron, 2012;Majid, Cai, George, Verbruggen, & Aron, 2012), whereas proactive inhibitory control was more selective (Majid, Cai, Corey-Bloom, & Aron, 2013). It has been suggested that reactive inhibitory control could be implemented via a hyperdirect pathway between the right IFG and the subthalamic nucleus (Aron et al, 2007), resulting in global inhibition (Majid et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Role of the Frontal and Parietal Cortex in Proactive and Reactive Inhibitory Control: A Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Study

Cai

Liu

et al. 2016

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Mounting evidence suggests that response inhibition involves both proactive and reactive inhibitory control, yet its underlying neural mechanisms remain elusive. In particular, the roles of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and inferior parietal lobe (IPL) in proactive and reactive inhibitory control are still under debate. This study aimed at examining the causal role of the right IFG and IPL in proactive and reactive inhibitory control, using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and the stop signal task. Twenty-two participants completed three sessions of the stop signal task, under anodal tDCS in the right IFG, the right IPL, or the primary visual cortex (VC; 1.5 mA for 15 min), respectively. The VC stimulation served as the active control condition. The tDCS effect for each condition was calculated as the difference between pre- and post-tDCS performance. Proactive control was indexed by the RT increase for go trials (or preparatory cost), and reactive control by the stop signal RT. Compared to the VC stimulation, anodal stimulation of the right IFG, but not that of the IPL, facilitated both proactive and reactive control. However, the facilitation of reactive control was not mediated by the facilitation of proactive control. Furthermore, tDCS did not affect the intraindividual variability in go RT. These results suggest a causal role of the right IFG, but not the right IPL, in both reactive and proactive inhibitory control.

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“…First, rapid successful motor stopping could induce global suppression that also impacts value. It has already been shown that successful action stopping has global suppressive effects at the motor level (Badry et al, 2009; Cai, Oldenkamp, & Aron, 2012; Majid, Cai, George, Verbruggen, & Aron, 2012; Wessel, Reynoso, & Aron, 2013). Accordingly, successful action stopping could also have a suppressive effect on cognition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus devaluation induced by stopping action.

Wessel¹,

O’Doherty²,

Berkebile³

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Impulsive behavior in humans partly relates to inappropriate overvaluation of reward-associated stimuli. Hence, it is desirable to develop methods of behavioral modification that can reduce stimulus value. Here, we tested whether one kind of behavioral modification – the rapid stopping of actions in the face of reward-associated stimuli – could lead to subsequent devaluation of those stimuli. We developed a novel paradigm with three consecutive phases: implicit reward learning, a stop-signal task, and an auction procedure. In the learning phase, we associated abstract shapes with different levels of reward. In the stop-signal phase, we paired half those shapes with occasional stop-signals, requiring the rapid stopping of an initiated motor response, while the other half of shapes was not paired with stop signals. In the auction phase, we assessed the subjective value of each shape via willingness-to-pay. In two experiments, we found that participants bid less for shapes that were paired with stop-signals compared to shapes that were not. This suggests that the requirement to try to rapidly stop a response decrements stimulus value. Two follow-on control experiments suggested that the result was specifically due to stopping action rather than aversiveness, effort, conflict, or salience associated with stop signals. This study makes a theoretical link between research on inhibitory control and value. It also provides a novel behavioral paradigm with carefully operationalized learning, treatment, and valuation phases. This framework lends itself to both behavioral modification procedures in clinical disorders, and research on the neural underpinnings of stimulus devaluation.

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Stopping speech suppresses the task-irrelevant hand

Cited by 74 publications

References 31 publications

On the Globality of Motor Suppression: Unexpected Events and Their Influence on Behavior and Cognition

On the Globality of Motor Suppression: Unexpected Events and Their Influence on Behavior and Cognition

The Role of the Frontal and Parietal Cortex in Proactive and Reactive Inhibitory Control: A Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Study

Stimulus devaluation induced by stopping action.

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