Storage and retrieval of words encoded in memory.

Learning From Verbal Discourse in Educational Media: A Review of the Literature

“…On the basis of an experiment in the short-term retention of connected discourse, Pompi and Lachnan (1967) are led to think of meanings as being stored as "surrogate structures," i.e., themes, images, schemata, and words. Earhard (1969) Cofer (1943) classified errors in recalls of connected prose as errors of (1) For example, Slamecka (1969) obtained the same pattern of results llsing recognition procedures, as did Marks and Miller (1964), who used recall, although the parameters were not exactly the same.…”

The effect on word recall when storage and retrieval cues differ

“…It would be expected that, as Earhard (1969) found, the more presentation-recall trials prior to the presentation of information, the larger the decrement in recall on that trial. In this study, the largest decrement did occur for Condition 6, but the Information Condition by Trials interaction was not significant.…”

“…Also, category clustering increased on trials subsequent to the information trial, but number ofwords recalled did not differ [rom the control group on subsequent trials. Earhard (1969) gave Ss several presentation-free recall trials with a list of unrelated words. The major independent variables she manipulated were the trial and the point in the trial (either be fore the presentation or between presentation and recall) in which the Ss were asked to recall the words in alphabetical order.…”

“…The present study was designed to extend the findings of Hudson (1969), using a paradigm similar to that of Earhard (1969)_ Specifically, the hypothesis was that Ss would show a drop in recall on the trial in which information about the eategorical nature of the words was given but that onsubsequent trials the recall would increase relative to a control group, as would the clustering index. SUBJECTS The Ss were 50 student volunteers from Mississippi State University.…”

“…Appropriate modification of the instructions would probably increase the number of Ss who make use of the information late in the trials and, hence, would probably result in a larger recall decrement for these Ss. It should be noted that Ss in Earhard's (1969) study who did not attempt to recall the words alphabetically were dropped from the study. These data, in general, support the hypothesis that Ss store words with appropriate retrieval cues and that use of another system of retrieval results in a recall decrement for the critical trial which is erased when the Ss have subsequent opportunity to store words with the newly given retrieval cues.…”