Storage Free Smart Energy Management for Frequency Control in a Diesel-PV-Fuel Cell-Based Hybrid AC Microgrid

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel, smart energy management scheme for a microgrid, consisting of a diesel generator and power electronic converter interfaced renewable energy-based generators, such as photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell, for frequency regulation without any storage. In the proposed strategy, output of the PV is controlled in coordination with other generators using neurofuzzy controller, either only for transient frequency regulation or for both transient and steady-state frequency regulation, depending on the load demand, thereby eliminating the huge storage requirements. The option of demand response control is also explored along with the generation control. For accurate and quick tracking of maximum power point and its associated reserve power from the PV generator, this paper also proposes a novel adaptive-predictor-corrector-based tracking mechanism.

Adaptive Asymptotic Tracking Control of Uncertain Time-Driven Switched Linear Systems

“…Controls which are uniform with respect to initial conditions take the form of feedback laws, leading to the aforementioned second family of optimization-based charging strategies, which are designed to achieve and maintain the desired operating conditions by comparing them with the actual operating conditions. In the field of smart energy and EV charging, most feedback laws are based on artificial intelligence: the authors in [14] consider a fuzzy logic-based autonomous controller for EV charging, while in [24] an evolutionary learning framework is developed for dynamic energy management of a smart microgrid, and in [25] a neurofuzzy controller is used for frequency regulation in microgrids with fuel cells. Feedback solutions are not free of challenges: the main problem, as compared to open-loop strategies, is that, since the current operating conditions must be compared with the desired operating conditions, one has to define the desired operating conditions.…”

Improved Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control for Microgrid Frequency Regulation

“…where U is the fuel utilization, q in are, respectively, (8) and (9). The restriction of current in actual practice is described by (10) [10].…”

Control and EMS of a Grid-Connected Microgrid with Economical Analysis

“…An AC MG is the standard choice for MG designers [5][6][7] due to the flexibility to transform AC voltage level into other levels, in addition to the majority of the loads being AC type. Nowadays, due to the increase of using DC loads, DC MGs have been created due to their advantages in terms of efficiency and cost reduction [8][9][10].…”