Traditional storage methods have limitations and concerns regarding capacity, decay, and sustainability. These drawbacks can be mitigated by developing longterm digital information storage systems using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which are often referred to as DNA-based data storage. These advanced technologies for storing big data are emulated by DNA synthesis, DNA sequencing, and encoding and decoding algorithms that can pack information into DNA, extreme durability, environmental sustainability, energy conservation, and eternal relevance, and at higher density than the conventional systems. This field has arisen to become a hot topic for researchers in the past decade, with significant breakthroughs in its course. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in in vivo DNA digital storage and in vitro DNA digital storage with novel modalities, preservation techniques, applications, and practical and technical issues. Also summarize the field of in vivo molecular writing mode that records and stores data within cells' genomes, which lie at the growing intersection of biocomputing and biotechnology.