Storage of Whole Blood for up to 24 Hours at Ambient Temperature prior to Component Preparation

Abstract

The effect of rapid cooling to 20-24 °C of whole blood immediately after collection, using ‘cooling units’ with butane-1,4-diol and prolonged storage up to 24 h at ambient temperature was investigated in the whole blood and the subsequently prepared plasma, buffy coat and buffy-coat-poor red cell concentrate (BC-poor RCC) in saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol (SAGM) solution. Factor VIII:C content of the plasma (n=10), after 24 h storage was 80 ± 3% of the initial value. In routine procedures factor VIII:C content in the plasma (n= 129 pools of 20 donor units plasma) was 0.77 ±0.078 IU/ml, after storage of the whole blood for 16-20 h. In whole blood (n=10), the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) content of the red cells decreased from 4.36 ±0.55 to 1.47 ±0.6 pmol/ml red cells after 24 h storage at 20-24°C. After storage of the BC-poor RCC (n=10) at 2-6°C for 1 week, the 2,3-DPG had dropped to 0.76 ±0.46 pmol/ml red cells. During the first 24 h of storage of whole blood, the adenine triphosphate (ATP) levels of the red cells remained stable. A mean increase of 20% of the initial value was observed after addition of SAG M solution. In the BC-poor RCC the ATP slowly decreased to 81 ± 5% after 5 weeks and to 68 ± 6.6% of the initial value after 6 weeks storage. In citrate-phosphate-dextrose blood the yield of platelets in the buffy coat was found to be 84±6% (mean ± SD) of the original value when whole blood (n= 12) was stored for 16-20 h at 20-24°C, as compared to 76 ± 18%, when buffy coats were prepared within 3 h after collection of whole blood without rapid cooling (n= 12). Rapid cooling of whole blood to 20-24°C immediately after collection and subsequent storage of the whole blood up to 24 h contributes to the quality and standardization of the subsequently prepared blood components and will diminish processing at irregular hours.

The effect of platelet-rich plasma on early and late bone healing using a mixture of particulate autogenous cancellous bone and Bio-Oss®: an experimental study in goats

“…Platelets are highly (but reversibly) activated shortly after collection of whole blood and show spontaneous aggregation. These aggregates disappear after a resting period of 16-20 h at room temperature 26 . These platelets have equal in vitro quality compared with platelets produced from whole blood that had been stored for 6 h 30 .…”

“…These platelets have equal in vitro quality compared with platelets produced from whole blood that had been stored for 6 h 30 . For logistic and uniform processing of whole blood, cooling the units to room temperature within 2 h and a subsequent storage period of about 16-20 h until separation into components is preferred 26 . Two hundred and fifty cubic centimetre of autogenous blood was drawn 1 day before surgery.…”

The Effect of Holding Times of Whole Blood and Its Components During Processing on In Vitro and In Vivo Quality

“…Eight-hour hold led to a decrease by about 10% in the levels of fibrinogen, plasminogen, fibronectin, and factor V, but factor VIII activity was not affected [47]. A full 24-hour holding time led to a decline in factor VIII:C of about 20% [6], but the implication was thought to be small for routine use. In a follow-up study, whole blood held less than 3 hours had a factor VIII activity of 0.82 ± 0.03 IU/mL, whereas those held for 12 to 15 hours contained 0.73 ± 0.03 IU/mL factor VIII:C (P b .001) [48], which was higher than after the same hold period at 4°C.…”

“…There was no effect on platelet quality in vitro. Pietersz et al [6] finally extended the holding time to a full 24 hours after collection. They used butane-1,4-diol cooling plates to ensure that all units reached a temperature of approximately 20°C within 2 hours after collection.…”

“…Thus, a holding time up to 30 hours might be appealing. Both the publication by Hughes et al [64] with a 72-hour storage and by Van der Meer et al [18] with a 24-to 26-hour storage time show that after 24 hours, there is no sudden decline in quality of whole blood or its components, and it should be emphasized that the 24-hour time limit was chosen arbitrarily based on data of the longest storage time that was investigated [6], not by proof that after 24 hours, the units fall off a cliff.…”