Strabismus in children with white matter damage of immaturity: MRI correlation

Jeon, Hyeshin; Jung, Jaeho; Kim, Hoyun; Yeom, Jeong A; Choi, Hoo‐Kyun

doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-308769

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…24,25 It has been reported that exotropia or esotropia are common in children with PVL, and the prevalence increases with the severity of white matter damage. 26 However, esotropia is more common in children who do not develop cerebral palsy. 27 In cases of early-onset esotropia, white matter lesions may only be seen as periventricular signal changes in MRI or may not be detected at all.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Spectrum of Ocular and Visual Dysfunction in Children with Periventricular Leukomalacia: A Need for an Interdisciplinary Approach

Öztürker

Bayar

Oto

et al. 2021

Journal of Pediatric Neurology

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The study aimed to evaluate the ocular motility and visual and optic disc abnormalities in children diagnosed with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). A retrospective analysis was performed on 51 consecutive children who had ophthalmic symptoms and were diagnosed with PVL by using magnetic resonance imaging. The patients were assessed for visual function, strabismus, cycloplegic refraction, fundus examination, and if appropriate, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and visual field testing were applied. The primary outcome measures were the prevalence and visual and ocular motility dysfunctions. Mean age was 5.72 ± 2.6 years (range = 1–12), median birth weight was 2,740 g (range = 1,240–3,460), and median gestational age was 34 weeks (range = 28–38). In total, 21 patients (39.6%) had neurological deficit, 11 (21.5%) had intellectual disability, and 19 (37.2%) had no neurological symptom. In the spherical equivalent refractive error and cylinder power analysis, 10 patients had ≥3.0 D myopia, 15 had ≥3.0 D hyperopia, and eight had ≥2.50 D astigmatism. Thirteen (25.4%) children had a best-corrected visual acuity between 20/40 and 20/20 for Snellen card, while 9 (17.6%) had strabismic amblyopia and 6 (11.7%) had anisometropic amblyopia. Manifest strabismus was present in 35 patients (68.6%); of whom 12 had esotropia (23.5%), 16 had exotropia (31.3%) and 6 had vertical deviation (11.7%). Manifest or latent nystagmus was detected in 14 patients (27.4%). In 28 patients (54.9%), there was optic nerve abnormality. Two patients had hypoplastic disc, 14 had optic disc pallor, 7 had large cupping, and 5 had total optic atrophy. Six subjects underwent reliable visual field (VF) examinations, and all six had abnormal VFs, with inferior fields being most affected. Ocular motility disorders, optic nerve abnormalities, VF defects, and low visual acuity are common findings in this cohort of PVL patients and maybe the only presenting signs of the disease. The recognition of the visual disabilities and implementation of early rehabilitation may have a significant benefit in these children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Spectrum of Ocular and Visual Dysfunction in Children with Periventricular Leukomalacia: A Need for an Interdisciplinary Approach

Öztürker

Bayar

Oto

et al. 2021

Journal of Pediatric Neurology

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“…Se ha señalado a la inmadurez como uno de los factores causales del estrabismo 2,18 , sin embargo, un asunto es señalar a la inmadurez como una causa vinculada al origen del EC, y otra, establecer con absoluta precisión el grado de inmadurez requerido para que el EC se manifieste en sus variadas formas de presentación.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Para inquirir respecto a las implicaciones que representa la inmadurez cortical, se decidió aplicar la presente metodología al EC, por considerarlo como un modelo biológico con alteraciones corticales ya demostradas 1,4,18 , que resulta sencillo de explorar, calificar y cuantificar de manera precisa en cada una de sus manifestaciones sensoriales y motoras.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Existen además otras razones para que el proceso de maduración neuronal y visual no culmine de la mejor manera 15,16 , tal y como ocurre cuando existe bajo peso al nacer 17 . Del mismo modo, una alteración en la secuencia del desarrollo neuronal, sea debido a un daño genético 14 , o bien, debido a daño lesional por hipoxia, prematuridad, o isquemia, es capaz de alterar la SB cortical y manifestarse como un estrabismo congénito 8,18 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Método para medir la inmadurez neuronal en el estrabismo congénito

Gallegos-Duarte

Mendiola-Santibáñez

2019

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Licencia Creative Commons c i b nd BY NC ND Las Revista Ustasalud declara que su contenido se rige bajo la licencia Creative Commons de Atribución -No comercial -Sin Derivar 4.0 Internacional. Por lo tanto, los lectores pueden acceder libremente a los artículos en su formato .pdf, igualmente podrán descargarlos y difundirlos; sin embargo no podrán modificarlos o alterarlos, adicionalmente se debe reconocer la autoría de las personas que figuran en las publicaciones, pero estas no podrán ser comercializadas.

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“…Strabismus is associated with neurodevelopmental and neurologic disorders such as cerebral palsy [58][59][60], Down's syndrome [61][62][63], neurodevelopment delay [61,63,64], intellectual disability [65], and white matter damage of immaturity [66]. Greenberg investigated the prevalence and types of esotropia in a Western population and found that 11.4% of esotropias were associated with CNS defects: cerebral palsy, developmental delay, Down syndrome, and seizure disorder [4].…”

Section: Strabismus Of Central Originmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comitant strabismus etiology: extraocular muscle integrity and central nervous system involvement—a narrative review

Sunyer-Grau

Quevedo

Rodríguez‐Vallejo³

et al. 2023

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Strabismus is not a condition in itself but the consequence of an underlying problem. Eye misalignment can be caused by disease, injury, and/or abnormalities in any of the structures and processes involved in visual perception and oculomotor control, from the extraocular muscles and their innervations to the oculomotor and visual processing areas in the brain. A small percentage of all strabismus cases are the consequence of well-described genetic syndromes, acquired insult, or disease affecting the extraocular muscles (EOMs) or their innervations. We will refer to them as strabismus of peripheral origin since their etiology lies in the peripheral nervous system. However, in most strabismus cases, that is comitant, non-restrictive, non-paralytic strabismus, the EOMs and their innervations function properly. These cases are not related to specific syndromes and their precise causes remain poorly understood. They are generally believed to be caused by deficits in the central neural pathways involved in visual perception and oculomotor control. Therefore, we will refer to them as central strabismus. The goal of this narrative review is to discuss the possible causes behind this particular type of eye misalignment and to raise awareness among eyecare professionals about the important role the central nervous system plays in strabismus etiology, and the subsequent implications regarding its treatment. A non-systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases with the keywords “origins,” “causes,” and “etiology” combined with “strabismus.” A snowball approach was also used to find relevant references. In the following article, we will first describe EOM integrity in central strabismus; next, we will address numerous reasons that support the idea of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in the origin of the deviation, followed by listing several possible central causes of the ocular misalignment. Finally, we will discuss the implications CNS etiology has on strabismus treatment.

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Strabismus in children with white matter damage of immaturity: MRI correlation

Abstract: The prevalence of strabismus increased with the severity of WMDI and was higher among patients with WMDI than among healthy individuals. The severity of WMDI might be related to the presence and constancy of strabismus.

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

Clinical Spectrum of Ocular and Visual Dysfunction in Children with Periventricular Leukomalacia: A Need for an Interdisciplinary Approach

Clinical Spectrum of Ocular and Visual Dysfunction in Children with Periventricular Leukomalacia: A Need for an Interdisciplinary Approach

Método para medir la inmadurez neuronal en el estrabismo congénito

Comitant strabismus etiology: extraocular muscle integrity and central nervous system involvement—a narrative review

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