Strain-Annealing Based Grain Boundary Engineering to Evaluate its Sole Implication on Intergranular Corrosion in Extra-Low Carbon Type 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel

Evolution of Grain Boundary Character Distribution in B10 Alloy from Friction Stir Processing to Annealing Treatment

“…According to the GBCD statistics in the B10 alloy treated at different rotational speeds, specimen S1400 was chosen as the object to investigate the effect of annealing time on the GBCD evolution. The IPF maps and the corresponding grain boundary Many researchers [39][40][41] have confirmed that the recovery process rather than the recrystallization process is conducive to optimizing the GBCD, which is determined by the level of stored energy throughout the grains in the microstructure. As stated before, extensive recrystallization occurred in specimens A-1 and A-2, while grain growth happened in specimens A-3, A-4, and A-5 during annealing.…”

“…The saturation of the J2-type triple junction and a sharp increase in the J2/(1 − J3) value would manifest a GBE microstructure. Many researchers [39][40][41] have confirmed that the recovery process rather than the recrystallization process is conducive to optimizing the GBCD, which is determined by the level of stored energy throughout the grains in the microstructure. As stated before, extensive recrystallization occurred in specimens A-1 and A-2, while grain growth happened in specimens A-3, A-4, and A-5 during annealing.…”

A Review on Controlling Grain Boundary Character Distribution during Twinning-Related Grain Boundary Engineering of Face-Centered Cubic Materials

“…The connectivity of random grain boundaries is sufficiently interrupted by special twin boundaries, resulting in an increase in the fraction of low-ΣCSL boundaries to 80% after three iterations of TMP. Multiple-step TMP treatment has been shown to optimize the GBCD in various materials, such as 304L austenitic stainless steel, as by Pradhan et al [ 40 ], Pb–0.09Ca–1.8Sn alloy, as by Lee et al [ 105 ], ofe-Cu by Kumar et al [ 27 ], 60Cu–40Zn two-phase alloy by Lee et al [ 106 ], etc. It should be noted that the number of iterations has a significant but limited impact on increasing the proportion of special twin boundaries, and more iterations do not necessarily lead to a better optimization effect.…”

“…Considerable efforts have been devoted to improving the intergranular corrosion (IGC) and intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of FCC materials through GBCD optimization. Ma et al [ 5 ] for 625 alloy, Shi et al [ 71 ] for 18Cr-18Mn-0.63N austenitic stainless steel, Shimada et al [ 3 ] and Feng et al [ 90 ] for 304 stainless steel, Pradhan et al [ 40 ] for 304L austenitic stainless steel, Yuan et al [ 82 ] for high purity copper, optimized the GBCD through TMP treatments, and revealed that the improvement of IGC resistance results from the increased fraction low-ΣCSL boundaries or the disrupted connectivity of random boundary network. It is noted that not all types of low-ΣCSL boundaries exhibit strong inhibition of IGC cracks.…”

“…The primary processing route for GBE is thermo-mechanical processing (TMP), which involves a series of sequential steps, including hot/cold deformation followed by an annealing treatment [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. The initial state [ 33 , 36 ], deformation amount [ 3 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ], annealing parameters (temperature and time) [ 37 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], and processing pass (single or iterative) [ 32 , 44 , 45 , 46 ] are the most frequently investigated factors affecting the formation of special twin boundaries. The optimization of GBCD can be achieved by adjusting these TMP parameters.…”