2D nanomaterials of ZnX and CdX (X = S, Se, and Te) usually produced by colloidal synthesis are coated with various organic ligands; however, recent experimental work on ZnS and ZnSe demonstrates that the organic ligands can be removed with heating, and the freestanding 2D sheets of ZnS and ZnSe are then fabricated. The freestanding zinc chalcogenide single layers demonstrate superior solar water splitting efficiency and photostability, and hold great promise for numerous optoelectronic applications. Here, recent advances in 2D group II-VI binary chalcogenides ZnX and CdX are presented from a theoretical perspective. Specifically, the article starts with 2D-layered organic-inorganic hybrid materials of group II-VI binary chalcogenides ZnX and CdX, and then focuses on the freestanding 2D nanosheets of pristine inorganic ZnX and CdX. Various possible structures of 2D ZnX and CdX proposed by first-principles calculations, and their unique electronic and optical structures are discussed. It is envisioned that the freestanding 2D-layered sheets of ZnX and CdX, as well as their derivatives, are potential synthesis targets for a great wealth of applications in energy storage and conversion.graphene, the inorganic 2D materials derived from various vdW solids display electronic and optical properties distinctly different from those of their 3D bulk counterparts, which may enable a broad range of their applications in topological insulators, thermoelectrics, spin-or valley-tronics, field-effect transistors, as well as energy conversion and storage. [7,8] In addition to these 2D-layered materials, scientists also keep their eyes open for other possible candidates. In this regard, group II-VI binary chalcogenides ZnX and CdX (X = S, Se, and Te) have begun to draw a great attention. Semiconducting ZnX and CdX materials have long been of enormous interest for a broad range of applications, such as transistor, heterojunction diodes, photovoltaic devices, photoconductors, etc. [12][13][14][15][16] 3D bulk structures of ZnX and CdX exist in two phases, namely wurtzite (WZ) and zinc blende (ZB), [17] and their stability are very close. [18] During the past 20 years or so, experimental advances have suggested that the electronic and optical properties of ZnX and CdX can be efficiently modulated by the manipulation of physical dimensions. For example, quantum confinement effects (QCE) are observed in dimensionreduced nanomaterials of group II-VI binary chalcogenides, such as colloidal 0D quantum dots (QD), [19,20] and 1D quantum ribbons, wires, rods, and belts, [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] enabling them to be used in many applications, including photodetector, biological imaging, light-emitting diode, and photovoltaic. [29][30][31][32] Similarly, 2D colloidal nanomaterials of group II-VI binary chalcogenides have also been developed recently, [33][34][35][36] showing thickness-dependent absorption and emission spectra. [37] Group II-VI binary chalcogenides ZnX and CdX might be viewed as isovalent with group IV-IV materials (e.g....