Strain hardening of fascia: Static stretching of dense fibrous connective tissues can induce a temporary stiffness increase accompanied by enhanced matrix hydration

Schleip, Robert; Duerselen, Lutz; Vleeming, Andry; Naylor, I. L.; Lehmann‐Horn, Frank; Zorn, Adjo; Jaeger, H; Klingler, Werner

doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2011.09.003

Cited by 106 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In a recent experiment, Schleip and colleagues found that the lumbar fascia modifies its tensional state also in the absence of cellular contraction (Schleip et al. ). In parallel to the stiffness change, an analogue alteration of the water content was observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermuscular force transmission along myofascial chains: a systematic review

et al. 2016

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The present review aims to provide a systematic overview on tensile transmission along myofascial chains based on anatomical dissection studies and in vivo experiments. Evidence for the existence of myofascial chains is growing, and the capability of force transmission via myofascial chains has been hypothesized. However, there is still a lack of evidence concerning the functional significance and capability for force transfer. A systematic literature research was conducted using MEDLINE (Pubmed), ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. Studied myofascial chains encompassed the superficial backline (SBL), the back functional line (BFL) and the front functional line (FFL). Peer-reviewed human dissection studies as well as in vivo experiments reporting intermuscular tension transfer between the constituents of a myofascial chain were included. To assess methodic quality, two independent investigators rated studies by means of validated assessment tools (QUACS and PEDro Scale). The literature research identified 1022 articles. Nine studies (moderate to excellent methodological quality) were included. Concerning the SBL and the BFL, there is moderate evidence for force transfer at all three transitions (based on six studies), and one of two transitions (three studies). One study yields moderate evidence for a slight, but not significant force transfer at one transition in the FFL. The findings of the present study indicate that tension can be transferred between some of the examined adjacent structures. Force transfer might have an impact in overuse conditions as well as on sports performance. However, different methods of force application and measurement hinder the comparability of results. Considering anatomical variations in the degree of continuity and histological differences of the linking structures is crucial for interpretation. Future studies should focus on the in vivo function of myofascial continuity during isolated active or passive tissue tensioning.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermuscular force transmission along myofascial chains: a systematic review

et al. 2016

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“…While at some areas a local distinction of different tissue elements (such as aponeuroses, ligaments, etc.) is possible, many areas such as those in proximity to major joints consist of gradual transitions between different tissue architectures in which a clear distinction often appears as arbitrary and misleading (Schleip et al, 2012b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Training principles for fascial connective tissues: Scientific foundation and suggested practical applications

Schleip

Müller²

2013

Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies

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140

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“…Another explanation advanced for the VSR may be related to connective tissue hydration changes due to a long enough static stretch (Schleip et al 2012; Thorton et al 2001). In a recent study of Schleip et al (2012), it was observed an immediate fluid content decrease that accompanied the VSR of a rat lombodorsal fascia placed under static stretch by 15 minutes. The fact that higher skeletal muscle mass carries more water content, might explain why BC is associated with VRS response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower limb body composition is associated to knee passive extension torque-angle response

et al. 2013

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PurposePeople vary in flexibility regarding maximum joint angle, resistance to stretch and mechanical responses during stretching exercises. Body composition (BC) has been been mentioned as one of the factors for flexibility differences. The aim of this study was to determine how body composition and anthropometric measures of the lower limb is associated with passive knee extension (PKE) torque-angle (T-A) response.MethodsTwenty-five male subjects with poor flexibility performed a maximal PKE repetition (velocity of 2°/s; 90 seconds in the static phase). Knee passive T-A, vastus medialis and semitendinosous electromyographic activity were recorded during the protocol. Viscoelastic stress relaxation (VSR) amplitude, knee passive stiffness (KPS), lower limb body composition assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and anthropometry measures were determined.ResultsThigh skeletal muscle and bone mass, as well as thigh perimeter, showed a moderated correlation with passive torque (r = 0.45; r = 0.6; r = 0.59, respectively), joint angle (r = 0.46; r = 0.5; r = 0.5), and VSR (r = 0.46; r = 0.49; r = 0.5). Thigh skeletal muscle was also correlated with KPS (r = 0.42). All these correlations were statistically significant (p < 0.05).ConclusionsPassive knee extension T-A was found to be moderately correlated with lower limb BC. In particular, thigh perimeter and skeletal muscle mass were associated with knee passive stiffness and viscoelastic stress relaxation. More research is needed to understand what influences joint maximum angle, resistance to stretch and mechanical response to stretching.

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Strain hardening of fascia: Static stretching of dense fibrous connective tissues can induce a temporary stiffness increase accompanied by enhanced matrix hydration

Cited by 106 publications

References 41 publications

Intermuscular force transmission along myofascial chains: a systematic review

Intermuscular force transmission along myofascial chains: a systematic review

Training principles for fascial connective tissues: Scientific foundation and suggested practical applications

Lower limb body composition is associated to knee passive extension torque-angle response

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