Conspectus
Facilitated by the unique triple-helical protein
structure, fibrous
collagens, the principal proteins in animals, demonstrate a dual function
of serving as building blocks for tissue scaffolds and as a bioactive
material capable of swift renewal in response to environmental changes.
While studies of triple-helical collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs) have
been instrumental in understanding the molecular forces responsible
for the folding and assembly of triple helices, as well as identifying
bioactive regions of fibrous collagen molecules, single-strand CMPs
that can specifically target and hybridize to denatured collagens
(i.e., collagen hybridizing peptides, CHPs) have proven useful in
identifying the remodeling activity of collagen-rich tissues related
to development, homeostasis, and pathology. Efforts to improve the
utility of CHPs have resulted in the development of new skeletal structures,
such as dimeric and cyclic CHPs, as well as the incorporation of artificial
amino acids, including fluorinated proline and N-substituted glycines
(peptoid residues). In particular, dimeric CHPs were used to capture
collagen fragments from biological fluid for biomarker study, and
the introduction of peptoid-based collagen mimetics has sparked renewed
interest in peptidomimetic research because peptoids enable a stable
triple-helical structure and the presentation of an extensive array
of side chain structures offering a versatile platform for the development
of new collagen mimetics.
This Account will cover the evolution
of our research from CMPs
as biomaterials to ongoing efforts in developing triple-helical peptides
with practical theranostic potential in targeting denatured and damaged
collagens. Our early efforts in functionalizing natural collagen scaffolds
via noncovalent modifications led to the discovery of an entirely
new use of CMPs. This discovery resulted in the development of CHPs
that are now used by many different laboratories for the investigation
of pathologies associated with changes in the structures of extracellular
matrices including fibrosis, cancer, and mechanical damage to collagen-rich,
load-bearing tissues. Here, we delve into the essential design features
of CHPs contributing to their collagen binding properties and practical
usage and explore the necessity for further mechanistic understanding
of not only the binding processes (e.g., binding domain and stoichiometry
of the hybridized complex) but also the biology of collagen degradation,
from proteolytic digestion of fibrils to cellular processing of collagen
fragments. We also discuss the strengths and weaknesses of peptoid-based
triple-helical peptides as applied to collagen hybridization touching
on thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of triple-helical folding. Finally,
we highlight current limitations and future directions in the use
of peptoid building blocks to develop bioactive collagen mimetics
as new functional biomaterials.