“…Additionally, the YS of the martensite steel may be approximately rationalized by the strength increments caused by solid solution, lattice friction, boundaries, dislocations, and precipitation. [
34,35 ] The flow strength of the present steel can be calculated by adding individual strengthening. [
33 ]
where σ 0 is the lattice friction stress (54 MPa), σ g , σ d , σ s , and σ p are the strengthening contributions caused by grain boundary, dislocation, solid solution, and precipitation, respectively.…”