Strain-rate sensitivity of the lateral collateral ligament of the knee

Bonner, T.J.; Newell, Nicolas; Karunaratne, Angelo; Pullen, A. D.; Amis, Andrew A.; Bull, Anthony M.J.; Masouros, Spyros D.

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.07.004

Cited by 45 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 38 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The study reported no change in the overall shape of the stress-strain curve, however, rapid change in the tangent modulus was found with the slow strain rates (between 1.7 and 10.8 %/min) and the change became progressively smaller with higher strain rates (above 10.8 %/min). Similarly, it was reported that strain rate dependency decreases with the increase of deformation rate (Bonner et al, 2015;Crisco et al, 2002). The stress-strain behaviour in the toe region (6% strain) showed strain rate dependency in canine CCL (Haut and Little, 1969).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…The phenomenon of viscoelastic characteristics including strain rate dependency, hysteresis, creep and stress relaxation has been observed consistently in soft biological tissues such as the sclera (Elsheikh et al, 2010;Geraghty et al, 2020), cornea (Elsheikh et al, 2011;Kazaili et al, 2019), and tendon (Robinson et al, 2004;Zuskov et al, 2020). Similarly, ligaments inherit non-linear viscoelastic characteristics exhibiting both elastic and viscous behaviour, hence they are history-and time-dependent (Bonner et al, 2015;Fung, 1993;Ristaniemi et al, 2018). The initial part of the non-linear load-deformation behaviour in ligaments is the toe region where the wavy collagen fibres become taut and straighten as load is applied, hence the crimp is removed (Fratzl et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Viscoelastic characteristics of the canine cranial cruciate ligament complex at slow strain rates

Readioff

Geraghty

Elsheikh

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ligaments including the cruciate ligaments support and transfer loads between bones applied to the knee joint organ. The functions of these ligaments can get compromised due to changes to their viscoelastic material properties. Currently there are discrepancies in the literature on the viscoelastic characteristics of knee ligaments which are thought to be due to tissue variability and different testing protocols.The aim of this study was to characterise the viscoelastic properties of healthy cranial cruciate ligaments (CCLs), from the canine knee (stifle) joint, with a focus on the toe region of the stress-strain properties where any alterations in the extracellular matrix which would affect viscoelastic properties would be seen.Six paired CCLs, from skeletally mature and disease-free Staffordshire bull terrier stifle joints were retrieved as a femur-CCL-tibia complex and mechanically tested under uniaxial cyclic loading up to 10 N at three strain rates, namely 0.1, 1 and 10 %/min, to assess the viscoelastic property of strain rate dependency. The effect of strain history was also investigated by subjecting contralateral CCLs to an ascending (0.1, 1 and 10 %/min) or descending (10, 1 and 0.1 %/min) strain rate protocol.The differences between strain rates were not statistically significant. However, hysteresis and recovery of ligament lengths showed some dependency on strain rate. Only hysteresis was affected by the test protocol and lower strain rates resulted in higher hysteresis and lower recovery. These findings could be explained by the slow process of uncrimping of collagen fibres and the contribution of proteoglycans in the ligament extracellular matrix to intra-fibrillar gliding, which results in more tissue elongations and higher energy dissipation. This study further expands our understanding of canine CCL behaviour, providing data for material models of femur-CCL-tibia complexes, and demonstrating the challenges for engineering complex biomaterials such as knee joint ligaments.

show abstract

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Viscoelastic characteristics of the canine cranial cruciate ligament complex at slow strain rates

Readioff

Geraghty

Elsheikh

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the first study, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro NCC system that mimics the innervation of ligaments in order to enable the measurement of macro-and microscale tissue mechanics, matrix reorganization, and neuronal responses. Separate groups of NCCs were distracted to displacement magnitudes simulating FCL strains that are associated with either nonpainful (8% strain) or painful (16% strain) states in vivo [10,28,53] at rates of 0.5 mm/s (1%/s) and 3.5 mm/s (7%/s), which simulate physiologic loading conditions across sevenfold difference in strain rate [54,55]. Expression of pERK in neurons, neuron shape and orientation, and collagen fiber realignment after NCC loading was each evaluated to test the effects of strain magnitude and loading rate on the neuronal responses and collagen reorganization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue Strain Reorganizes Collagen With a Switchlike Response That Regulates Neuronal Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Phosphorylation In Vitro: Implications for Ligamentous Injury and Mechanotransduction

Zhang

Stablow

Shenoy

et al. 2016

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Excessive loading of ligaments can activate the neural afferents that innervate the collagenous tissue, leading to a host of pathologies including pain. An integrated experimental and modeling approach was used to define the responses of neurons and the surrounding collagen fibers to the ligamentous matrix loading and to begin to understand how macroscopic deformation is translated to neuronal loading and signaling. A neuron-collagen construct (NCC) developed to mimic innervation of collagenous tissue underwent tension to strains simulating nonpainful (8%) or painful ligament loading (16%). Both neuronal phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which is related to neuroplasticity (R 2 ! 0.041; p 0.0171) and neuronal aspect ratio (AR) (R 2 ! 0.250; p < 0.0001), were significantly correlated with tissue-level strains. As NCC strains increased during a slowly applied loading (1%/s), a "switchlike" fiber realignment response was detected with collagen reorganization occurring only above a transition point of 11.3% strain. A finite-element based discrete fiber network (DFN) model predicted that at bulk strains above the transition point, heterogeneous fiber strains were both tensile and compressive and increased, with strains in some fibers along the loading direction exceeding the applied bulk strain. The transition point identified for changes in collagen fiber realignment was consistent with the measured strain threshold (11.7% with a 95% confidence interval of 10.2-13.4%) for elevating ERK phosphorylation after loading. As with collagen fiber realignment, the greatest degree of neuronal reorientation toward the loading direction was observed at the NCC distraction corresponding to painful loading. Because activation of neuronal ERK occurred only at strains that produced evident collagen fiber realignment, findings suggest that tissue strain-induced changes in the micromechanical environment, especially altered local collagen fiber kinematics, may be associated with mechanotransduction signaling in neurons.

show abstract

“…The effect of loading rate on intermolecular sliding within fibrils has been directly assessed via x‐ray diffraction. When samples from human lateral collateral ligaments were ruptured at rates ranging from 0.1 to 5%/s, intermolecular sliding within fibrils was observed to decrease rapidly with increasing strain rate . Consistent with this, nanoscale tensile testing experiments have shown that individual collagen fibrils are indeed viscoelastic, demonstrating increased stiffness with increased strain rate, implying a reduction in intermolecular sliding with increasing rate of extension.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…Loading of rabbit patellar tendons to 20% strain at rates of 0.1, 10, or 70%/s followed by fixation under extension and examination using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that as loading rate increases, elongation by interfibrillar sliding decreases while the contribution from fibril elongation increases . Within collagen fibrils themselves, testing on human lateral collateral ligaments indicated that intermolecular sliding of collagen molecules decreases as loading rate increases, with fibril modulus possibly nearing a plateau at a rate of ∼5%/s …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructure of tendon rupture depends on strain rate and tendon type

Chambers

Herod

Veres

2018

Journal Orthopaedic Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Previous research has shown that both the mechanics and elongation mechanisms of tendon and ligament vary with strain rate during tensile loading. In this study, we sought to determine if the ultrastructural damage created during tendon rupture also varies with strain rate. A bovine forelimb model was used, allowing two anatomically proximate but physiologically distinct tendons to be studies: the positional common digital extensor tendon, and the energy storing superficial digital flexor tendon. Samples from the two tendon types were ruptured at rates of either 1%/s or 10%/s. Relative to unruptured control samples, changes to collagen fibril structure were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and changes to collagen molecule packing were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Rupture at 1%/s caused discrete plasticity damage that extended along the length of collagen fibrils in both the extensor and flexor tendons. Consistent with this, DSC showed molecular packing disruption relative to control samples. Both SEM and DSC showed that extensor tendon fibrils sustained more severe damage than the more highly crosslinked flexor tendon fibrils. Increasing strain rate during rupture decreased the level of longitudinal disruption experienced by the collagen fibrils of both tendon types. Disruption to D-banding was no longer seen in the extensor tendon fibrils, and discrete plasticity damage was completely eliminated in the flexor tendon fibrils, indicating a transition to localized point failure. Ultrastructural damage resulting from tendon rupture depends on both strain rate and tendon type. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.

show abstract

Strain-rate sensitivity of the lateral collateral ligament of the knee

Cited by 45 publications

References 38 publications

Viscoelastic characteristics of the canine cranial cruciate ligament complex at slow strain rates

Viscoelastic characteristics of the canine cranial cruciate ligament complex at slow strain rates

Tissue Strain Reorganizes Collagen With a Switchlike Response That Regulates Neuronal Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Phosphorylation In Vitro: Implications for Ligamentous Injury and Mechanotransduction

Ultrastructure of tendon rupture depends on strain rate and tendon type

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About