Strain rate, temperature, and sample size effects on compression and tensile properties of frozen sand

Bragg, Richard A.; Andersland, Orlando B.

doi:10.1016/0013-7952(81)90044-2

Cited by 91 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…However, at any given temperature and moisture content, tensile strength was significantly smaller than compressive strength. The failure mode for tension was brittle for all tested samples, which confirms previous research findings (Bragg and Andersland, 1981). It should further be emphasized that the failure deformation of frozen silt under direct-tension was much smaller than the failure deformation under uniaxial compression.…”

Section: The Effect Of Temperature and Water Content On Tensile Strengthsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…However, even at temperatures below the freezing point of water, some water in the pores remains unfrozen (Tsytovich, 1975;Konrad, 1990;Andersland and Ladanyi, 1994) influencing the mechanical strength indirectly by reducing the ice content. To date, the role of temperature on the mechanical strength of frozen soils is very well known and an increase in strength upon a change in negative temperature has been reported (Tsytovich, 1975;Bragg and Andersland, 1981;Jessberger, 1981;Akagawa et al, 1982;Zhu and Carbee, 1984;Zhu et al, 1988;Li et al, 2004 and others). Although the above studies have provided a good understanding of the effect of temperature on the strength, detailed studies of the effect of moisture content on the mechanical strength of frozen soils are still required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Experimental study on the physical-mechanical properties of frozen silt

Christ

Kim

2009

KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering

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The objective of this study was to investigate the physical-mechanical characteristics of frozen Siberian silt. Unfrozen water content, uniaxial compressive strength and direct-tensile strength of frozen silt samples at different moisture contents were determined in the laboratory. Experimental results revealed that the amount of unfrozen water in the silt decreased with descending temperature and stabilized at temperatures below -10 o C. Even at very low temperatures a considerable amount of unfrozen water remained. Mechanical strength test results showed a strong dependence of the stress-strain behavior of the frozen silt on the moisture content and temperature. The strength for compression and tension increased with decreasing temperature and increasing moisture content. At any given temperature and moisture content compressive strength was significantly greater than tensile strength. Based on the compressive and tensile stress-strain relationship at a given temperature and moisture content, approximate values of strength ratio, failure strain ratio and deformation modulus ratio were established.

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Section: The Effect Of Temperature and Water Content On Tensile Strengthsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Experimental study on the physical-mechanical properties of frozen silt

Christ

Kim

2009

KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering

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“…In most of these experiments, the peak strength corresponded to a relatively high debris concentration and when the pore spaces were completely filled with ice, and this strength was only weakly sensitive to the rate of deformation for temperatures below −5°C [ Baker , ; Parameswaran , ; Baker and Jones , ]. Higher‐temperature experiments (e.g., −2°C) exhibited more rate‐sensitive creep at relatively low shear rates [ Baker , ; Bragg and Andersland , ].…”

Section: Experimental Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformation of debris-ice mixtures

2014

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Mixtures of rock debris and ice are common in high-latitude and high-altitude environments and are thought to be widespread elsewhere in our solar system. In the form of permafrost soils, glaciers, and rock glaciers, these debris-ice mixtures are often not static but slide and creep, generating many of the landforms and landscapes associated with the cryosphere. In this review, a broad range of field observations, theory, and experimental work relevant to the mechanical interactions between ice and rock debris are evaluated, with emphasis on the temperature and stress regimes common in terrestrial surface and near-surface environments. The first-order variables governing the deformation of debris-ice mixtures in these environments are debris concentration, particle size, temperature, solute concentration (salinity), and stress. A key observation from prior studies, consistent with expectations, is that debris-ice mixtures are usually more resistant to deformation at low temperatures than their pure end-member components. However, at temperatures closer to melting, the growth of unfrozen water films at ice-particle interfaces begins to reduce the strengthening effect and can even lead to profound weakening. Using existing quantitative relationships from theoretical and experimental work in permafrost engineering, ice mechanics, and glaciology combined with theory adapted from metallurgy and materials science, a simple constitutive framework is assembled that is capable of capturing most of the observed dynamics. This framework highlights the competition between the role of debris in impeding ice creep and the mitigating effects of unfrozen water at debris-ice interfaces.

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“…Earlier investigations on tensile strength of frozen soils were usually carried out using the direct tensile method on dumbbell samples with a temperature lower than −5°C (Bragg and Andersland, 1980;Haynes, 1978;Lade et al, 1980;Vialov et al, 1965). Christ and Kim (2009) and Christ and Park (2010) studied the tensile strength for frozen silt and the frozen silt mixtures based on the direct tensile method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the BSW was incapable for warm frozen soils due to the special plastic deformation characteristics (Bragg and Andersland, 1980), the advantages were distinguished if the stress-strain relationship was not taken into account, and there were perfect correspondence between direct tensile method and indirect tensile method (BSM) (Shen et al, 1994a;Shloido, 1968). Moreover, the requirements for specimen preparation and testing apparatus were apparently simple, and the mean variation coefficient for the testing results was relatively smaller than other direct tensile method (Shloido, 1968).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%