Strapping the spinal cord: An innovative experimental model of CNS injury in rats

Costa, Elizabete Sant’Anna da; Carvalho, Antonia Lima; Martínez, Ana Maria Blanco; De-Ary-Pires, Bernardo; Pires-Neto, Mário Ary; Ary-Pires, Ricardo de

doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.01.004

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…32 The procedure involves the insertion of a curved surgical needle with suture attached into one side of the animal. The suture is then wrapped around a particular level of spinal cord in the epidural space and brought back through the skin on the other side of the rat.…”

Section: Spinal Cord Strappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results showed the injuries to be graded in terms of both functional and histological outcomes. 32 The technique is advantageous in that it is a comparatively noninvasive method that does not require laminectomy or cause bleeding, and it has reported a 100% survival rate. 32 The device also provides compression on all sides of the cord, not just in the dorsoventral or lateral direction, and is capable of producing graded injury pattern.…”

Section: Spinal Cord Strappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One end of the suture is affixed to the wall of the experimental device and the other is attached to a suspended mass via a simple pulley. When the weight is dropped, compression is initiated, and allowed to continue for an extended period of time (reprinted with permission from da Costa et al 32 ).…”

Section: Harrington Distractormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spinal cord injury models: a review

et al. 2014

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Background: Animal spinal cord injury (SCI) models have proved invaluable in better understanding the mechanisms involved in traumatic SCI and evaluating the effectiveness of experimental therapeutic interventions. Over the past 25 years, substantial gains have been made in developing consistent, reproducible and reliable animal SCI models. Study design: Review. Objective: The objective of this review was to consolidate current knowledge on SCI models and introduce newer paradigms that are currently being developed. Results: SCI models are categorized based on the mechanism of injury into contusion, compression, distraction, dislocation, transection or chemical models. Contusion devices inflict a transient, acute injury to the spinal cord using a weight-drop technique, electromagnetic impactor or air pressure. Compression devices compress the cord at specific force and duration to cause SCI. Distraction SCI devices inflict graded injury by controlled stretching of the cord. Mechanical displacement of the vertebrae is utilized to produce dislocation-type SCI. Surgical transection of the cord, partial or complete, is particularly useful in regenerative medicine. Finally, chemically induced SCI replicates select components of the secondary injury cascade. Although rodents remain the most commonly used species and are best suited for preliminary SCI studies, large animal and nonhuman primate experiments better approximate human SCI. Conclusion: All SCI models aim to replicate SCI in humans as closely as possible. Given the recent improvements in commonly used models and development of newer paradigms, much progress is anticipated in the coming years. Spinal Cord (2014) 52, 588-595; doi:10.1038/sc.2014.91; published online 10 June 2014 INTRODUCTIONSpinal cord injury (SCI) models have proved indispensible not only for investigating the efficacy of therapeutic interventions but also for better understanding the molecular pathways involved. SCI models have evolved significantly over the past century since Allen developed the first weight-drop contusion model in 1911. 1 SCI models aim to recreate features of human SCI as closely as possible. These models vary in terms of the animal utilized, site of injury infliction and injury mechanism.Rats are used most commonly in preliminary studies as they are relatively inexpensive, readily available and have demonstrated similar functional, electrophysiological, and morphological outcomes to humans following SCI. 2 Mice are particularly useful for genetic studies. 3 Nonhuman primate SCI models-including marmosets, macaques and squirrel monkeys-better approximate human SCI than rodent models, and they accommodate assessment of multiple recovery variables and rehabilitative therapy. 4 New world primates like marmosets confer advantages over old world primates as they are smaller, easier to handle, have a higher breeding efficiency and can be bred in experimental colonies. SCI models that incorporate large animals-such as pigs or dogs-can also be used when it is important for furth...

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Section: Spinal Cord Strappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spinal Cord Strappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spinal cord injury models: a review

et al. 2014

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“…We therefore assume that a paracrine effect plays an important role in spinal cord regeneration. In the present study, we injected iPS-NPs intrathecally 1 week after SCI, when the hostile environment created by the inflammatory response following SCI is diminished [ 23 , 24 ]. An intraspinal (i.s.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of intraspinal and intrathecal implantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural precursors for the treatment of spinal cord injury in rats

et al. 2015

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BackgroundStem cell treatment provides a promising therapy for patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the applied stem cells exert their effects in different manners that are dependent on the route used for administration.MethodsIn the present study, we administered neural precursors derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS-NPs) either intraspinally into the lesion center or intrathecally into the subarachnoid space of rats with a balloon-induced spinal cord compression lesion. Functional locomotor performance, cell survival, astrogliosis, axonal sprouting and the expression of endogenous neurotrophic growth factors were evaluated using behavioral tests (BBB, flat beam test, rotarod, plantar test), morphometric analysis, immunohistochemistry and qPCR.ResultsBoth treatments facilitated the functional locomotor recovery of rats with SCI. iPS-NPs injected intraspinally survived well for 2 months and were positive for MAP2, while cells grafted intrathecally were undetectable at the site of administration or in the spinal cord tissue. Intraspinal implantation increased gray and white matter sparing and axonal sprouting and reduced astrogliosis, while intrathecal application resulted only in an improvement of white matter sparing and an increase in axonal sprouting, in parallel with no positive effect on the expression of endogenous neurotrophic growth factor genes or glial scar reduction.ConclusionsIntrathecally grafted iPS-NPs had a moderate therapeutic benefit on SCI through a paracrine mechanism that does not require the cells to be present in the tissue; however, the extended survival of i.s. grafted cells in the spinal cord may promote long-term spinal cord tissue regeneration.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0255-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…In this way, the spinal cord is damaged dorsally, ventrally, and laterally at the same time. 27 The above-mentioned methods require laminectomy, which may traumatize the spinal cord. It also requires high operating skills, as damage of the meninges may lead to hemorrhage, an additional injuring factor.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Gun Impactor—A Novel Model of Graded White Matter Spinal Cord Injury in Rodents

Marcol

Ślusarczyk

Gzik

et al. 2012

J reconstr Microsurg

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Understanding mechanisms of spinal cord injury and repair requires a reliable experimental model. We have developed a new device that produces a partial damage of spinal cord white matter by means of a precisely adjusted stream of air applied under high pressure. This procedure is less invasive than standard contusion or compression models and does not require surgical removal of vertebral bones. We investigated the effects of spinal cord injury made with our device in 29 adult rats, applying different experimental parameters. The rats were divided into three groups in respect to the applied force of the blast wave. Functional outcome and histopathological effects of the injury were analyzed during 12-week follow-up. The lesions were also examined by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The weakest stimulus produced transient hindlimb paresis with no cyst visible in spinal cord MRI scans, whereas the strongest was associated with permanent neurological deficit accompanied by pathological changes resembling posttraumatic syringomyelia. Obtained data revealed that our apparatus provided a spinal cord injury animal model with structural changes very similar to that present in patients after moderate spinal cord trauma.

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Strapping the spinal cord: An innovative experimental model of CNS injury in rats

Cited by 12 publications

References 83 publications

Spinal cord injury models: a review

Spinal cord injury models: a review

Comparison of intraspinal and intrathecal implantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural precursors for the treatment of spinal cord injury in rats

Air Gun Impactor—A Novel Model of Graded White Matter Spinal Cord Injury in Rodents

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