Strata control monitoring in a contiguous seam depillaring working

Abstract

-Most of the underground coal mines in the Indian Geo-mining conditions are developed and depillared by Bord and Pillar method. Caving behaviour and strata control are the major concerns to be considered while extraction of coal seams in such workings. This paper describes the results of a scientific strata control monitoring study during depillaring in a contiguous seam working. It includes instrumentation for determining the induced stresses in the pillars and roof-floor convergence in the galleries and junctions with distance from the goaf edges in the working. The mining induced stresses on the pillars were observed to be more in the top seam than that in the bottom seam working. Convergence monitoring was done with Telescopic Convergence Indicators (TCI) and Remote convergence recorders. In general, higher convergence was observed in the junctions as compared to the galleries. The junctions located at distant location suffered more convergence than the galleries is nearer to the goaf edge. Based on the field observation, convergence classification has also been done in terms of average distance of the goaf edge from the point of observation to assess the state of 'No-convergence', 'Initial convergence' and 'Maximum convergence'. The convergence observed in the bottom seam is more than that of the top seam.

Precise macronutrient application can improve cane yield and nutrient uptake in widely spaced plant-ratoon cycles in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India

“…In increasing the number of splitting of macronutrients, N and K might have facilitated their even availability in soil throughout the development of cane, which ultimately led to a quicker rate of crop growth (Junejo et al, 2010). These results also confirm the findings recorded by Sandeep et al (2013). The highest N, P, and K uptakes in sugarcane crops at harvest in plant and ratoon crops were found in 7 split-application of N and K. Many previous studies also reported similar results.…”

Direct Observation of Polaritonic Chemistry by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

“…Outside cavity conditions, it is reported that the solvent reorganization entropy affects the dispersion interactions in the studied molecule whereas the dispersion enthalpy remains constant upon changing the solvent. The modification of solvent properties under VSC (14,22) might therefore derive from changes to solvation entropy due to N-1 dark states which appear when N molecules are coupled to a given optical mode (45), as in these experiments. The details of the various contributions are beyond this study and would benefit from further theoretical analysis.…”

“…Under the right conditions, this interaction gives rise to two hybrid light-matter vibropolaritonic states (VP+ and VP-) along with N-1 dark collective states (DS) resulting from the coupling of N molecules with the optical mode. The formation of these hybrid states, which occurs in the dark, has been shown to alter reaction rates (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10), chemical selectivity (11)(12)(13), electrochemical modulation (14), charge transfer equilibria (15) and many other properties such as ionic conductivity (16,17), electrical conductivity (18), solvent polarity (19), crystallization (20) or self-assembly (21,22). Despite the numerous experimental studies of chemistry and properties under VSC and extensive theoretical studies (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41), a detailed understanding of the underlying processes is still lacking.…”

In-Vitro evaluation of Isolated Staphylococcal-bacteriophage in Killing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

“…In general, there are two major types of phages, lytic and lysogenic. Only the lytic phages (also known as virulent phages) are a good choice for developing therapeutic phage preparations (24,25). The bactericidal ability of phages has been used to treat human infections for years as a complement or alternative to antibiotic therapy (26,27,28).…”