“…However, there are three distinct research gaps in this field. First, most of the previous loyalty literature is based on technology adoption-related theories, such as the technology acceptance model [13][14][15], the theory of planned behavior [16,17], and the privacy calculus theory [18,19], etc., which has certain limitations in understanding users' post-adoption behavior [10,20]. Second, although an increasing body of literature has investigated the factors influencing users' behaviors, most of them focused on the online aspect (e.g., perceived enjoyment, perceived privacy risk, and system quality) of adopting smart health devices [10,13,14], ignoring the offline health management purpose, which actually exerts a critical role in determining users' behaviors [21].…”