Strategic control and medial frontal negativity: Beyond errors and response conflict

Bartholow, Bruce D.; Pearson, Melanie; Dickter, Cheryl L.; Sher, Kenneth J.; Fabiani, Monica; Gratton, Gabriele

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00258.x

Cited by 348 publications

(361 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Furthermore, the N2 is insensitive to stimulus expectancy (Gehring et al, 1992) and stimulus probability (Bartholow et al, 2005). Together these results suggest that the N2 is an index of the processing of conflicting response information, a theory that is supported by evidence of the N2 in other conflict-related paradigms such as the Stroop task (Liotti et al, 2000;West and Alain, 2000) and stop-signal task (Band et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Event-rate effects in the flanker task: ERPs and task performance in children with and without AD/HD

Johnstone

Galletta

2013

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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Demanding tasks require a greater amount of effort, in which case individuals are required to alter their energetic-state to a level appropriate to perform the task. According to the Cognitive-Energetic Model (CEM), children with AD/HD are unable to effectively modulate their energetic state, leading to task underperformance. Using an Eriksen flanker task with varying event-rates, the current study compared the ability of typically-developing children and children with AD/HD to modulate their energetic state. In line with the CEM, it was predicted that children with AD/HD would underperform in the fast and slow eventrates. Results indicated that the groups did not differ in commission errors (i.e., incorrect responses). However, children with AD/HD made more omission errors to incongruent stimuli at the fast and slow eventrates, compared to controls. N2 amplitude was significantly larger for the AD/HD than control group in the slow event-rate. It is concluded that the energetic state modulation dysfunction in children with AD/HD results in an inability to attend to the task, as opposed to an inability to perform the task itself. Furthermore, these task performance differences did not manifest in either the N2 or P3 ERP components. Therefore, inattention in children with AD/HD may have its locus in response preparation, as opposed to stimulus processing, but more research is required to validate these conjectures. Abstract: Demanding tasks require a greater amount of effort, in which case individuals are required to alter their energetic-state to a level appropriate to perform the task. According to the CognitiveEnergetic Model (CEM), children with AD/HD are unable to effectively modulate their energetic state, leading to task underperformance. Using an Eriksen flanker task with varying event-rates, the current study compared the ability of typically-developing children and children with AD/HD to modulate their energetic state. In line with the CEM, it was predicted that children with AD/HD would underperform in the fast and slow event-rates. Results indicated that the groups did not differ in commission errors (i.e., incorrect responses). However, children with AD/HD made more omission errors (i.e., impulsively early or non-responses) to incongruent stimuli at the fast and slow event-rates, compared to controls. N2 amplitude was significantly larger for the AD/HD than control group in the slow event-rate. It is concluded that the energetic state modulation dysfunction in children with AD/HD results in an inability to attend to the task, as opposed to an inability to perform the task itself. Furthermore, these task performance differences did not manifest in either the N2 or P3 ERP components. Therefore, inattention in children with AD/HD may have its locus in response preparation, as opposed to stimulus processing, but more research is required to validate these conjectures. Highlights Children with AD/HD unable to effectively modulate energetic state  Event-rate varied during interference control in c...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Event-rate effects in the flanker task: ERPs and task performance in children with and without AD/HD

Johnstone

Galletta

2013

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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“…Tillman and Wiens (2011) challenged the notion that the N2 that is elicited in the Eriksen Flanker Task is a valid index of response conflict in a study that yielded results consistent with Bartholow et al (2005). In Tillman and Wiens' (2011) experiment (see Fig.…”

Section: Erps For Inhibition Between 200 and 400 Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event-Related Brain Potentials in the Study of Inhibition: Cognitive Control, Source Localization and Age-Related Modulations

et al. 2014

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In the previous fifteen years, a variety of experimental paradigms and methods have been employed to study inhibition. In the current review, we analyze studies that have used the high temporal resolution of the event-related potential (ERP) technique to identify the temporal course of inhibition to understand the various processes that contribute to inhibition. ERP studies with a focus on normal aging are specifically analyzed because they contribute to a deeper understanding of inhibition. Three time windows are proposed to organize the ERP data collected using inhibition paradigms: the 200 ms period following stimulus onset; the period between 200 and 400 ms after stimulus onset; and the period between 400 and 800 ms after stimulus onset. In the first 200 ms, ERP inhibition research has primarily focused on N1 and P1 as the ERP components associated with inhibition. The inhibitory processing in the second time window has been associated with the N2 and P3 ERP components. Finally, in the third time window, inhibition has primarily been associated with the N400 and N450 ERP components. Source localization studies are analyzed to examine 2 the association between the inhibition processes that are indexed by the ERP components and their functional brain areas. Inhibition can be organized in a complex functional structure that is not constrained to a specific time point but, rather, extends its activity through different time windows. This review characterizes inhibition as a set of processes rather than a unitary process.

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“…In short, the traditional distinction between the ERN and CRN based on trial type and amplitude no longer seems to hold. Additional studies like those of Bartholow et al (2005) and from Vidal and his colleagues that focus as much on correct trials as on errors should go far to inform this interesting issue.…”

Section: Theme 2: Correct-response Negativitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trial-by-trial variation in the CRN may reflect trial-bytrial modulation of cognitive control. In one of the first experiments to specifically target the CRN, Bartholow et al (2005) studied the relationship between the CRN amplitude and ''strategic'' cognitive control processes by manipulating both flanker compatibility and the expectation of receiving an incompatible trial. Consistent with fMRI studies of ACC activation (Botvinick, Nystrom, Fissell, Carter, & Cohen, 1999;Carter et al, 1998), the CRN was larger when target and flankers were incompatible.…”

Section: Theme 2: Correct-response Negativitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, Figure 1 also reflects the occurrence of a small negative deflection associated with the execution of correct responses. This CRN will be described in more detail below but is presumed to originate in the ACC and seems to reflect the trialby-trial adjustments of attention or cognitive control that are associated with task performance (Bartholow et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The way of our errors: Theme and variations

2010

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Negative feedback, either internal or external, is a fundamental guide to human learning and performance. The neural system that underlies the monitoring of performance and the adjustment of behavior has been subject to multiple neuroimaging investigations that uniformly implicate the anterior cingulate cortex and other prefrontal structures as crucial to these executive functions. The present article describes a series of experiments that employed event-related potentials to study a variety of processes associated with internal or external feedback. Three medial-frontal negativities (error-related negativity, correct-response negativity, feedback-related negativity) are highlighted, each of which plays an important role in the monitoring and dynamic adjustment of behavior. Extensions of basic research on these ERPs to questions relevant to clinical-science are also provided.

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Strategic control and medial frontal negativity: Beyond errors and response conflict

Cited by 348 publications

References 58 publications

Event-rate effects in the flanker task: ERPs and task performance in children with and without AD/HD

Event-rate effects in the flanker task: ERPs and task performance in children with and without AD/HD

Event-Related Brain Potentials in the Study of Inhibition: Cognitive Control, Source Localization and Age-Related Modulations

The way of our errors: Theme and variations

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