“…First, the stream of HRM system strength (Bowen & Ostroff, 2004;Ostroff & Bowen, 2016) is characterised by studies in which HRM practices or HRM systems are distinctive and consistent, and where consensus between policy makers exists (see Sanders, Shipton, & Gomes, 2014). Influential studies in this stream are those of Delmotte, De Winne, and Sels (2012), Sanders, Dorenbosch, and de Reuver (2008), Li, Frenkel, andSanders (2011), Nishii et al (2008), and Bednall, Sanders, and Runhaar (2014). A second stream of HRM implementation researchers study the difference between HRM (practices or systems) as intended and the way it is actually applied, along with the way organisational members (most often employees) perceive it.…”