“…Meanwhile, proactiveness refers to the firm's ability to stay ahead of competitors in predicting future changes (Gunawan, Jacob, & Duysters, 2016), while risk-taking involves the act of willingness to undertake risky business decision (Rauch, Wiklund, Lumpkin, & Frese, 2009). Zehir, Gurol, Karaboga, & Kole (2016) defined competitive aggressiveness as the firms' competitive actions through differentiation of products/services to exceed their rivals, whereas autonomy reflects the independent action by the owner or the firms to encourage employees to perform well on behalf of the company.…”