This study is a theoretical examination of whether employee-controlled firms (ECFs) enter a free-entry oligopolistic market excessively or insufficiently, from the viewpoint of welfare maximization. The excess entry theorem is well known in oligopoly theory. According to this theorem, a greater number of profit-maximizing firms enter a free-entry oligopolistic market than is optimal for welfare maximization. We demonstrate the possibility that insufficient entry arises when ECFs compete in a free-entry market. In particular, we show that if both the demand and cost functions are convex, insufficient ECF entry necessarily occurs. Our results suggest that competition among firms seeking purposes other than profit might lead to insufficient entry because differences in competing firms' objectives affect the intensity of market competition.
3Recently, several studies have attempted to explain the spread of ECFs in a comprehensive manner. Perotin and Robinson (2004) summarize the current findings on ECFs. Moretto and Rossini (2003) present a comprehensive view of the theory of labor-managed firms.