Strategic planning for utility-scale solar photovoltaic development – Historical peak events revisited

Sward, Jeffrey A.; Siff, Jackson; Gu, Jiajun; Zhang, K. Max

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.178

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…There could be quite different design choices even for the same power plant projects. To capture possible and rational development features of future wind and solar PV projects, we check the relevant project technical reports and the literature, − and estimate the most typical engineering designs of these projects at present and their future development trends. Full details can be found in Section 1.2 in the Supporting Information.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Requirements for Building Electrical Grid Systems of Global Wind Power and Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic until 2050

Chen

Kleijn

Lin

2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) power form vital parts of the energy transition toward renewable energy systems. The rapid development of these two renewables represents an enormous infrastructure construction task including both power generation and its associated electrical grid systems, which will generate demand for metal resources. However, most research on material demands has focused on their power generation systems (wind turbines and PV panels), and few have studied the associated electrical grid systems. Here, we estimate the global metal demands for electrical grid systems associated with wind and utility-scale PV power by 2050, using dynamic material flow analysis based on International Energy Agency’s energy scenarios and the typical engineering parameters of transmission grids. Results show that the associated electrical grids require large quantities of metals: 27–81 Mt of copper cumulatively, followed by 20–67 Mt of steel and 11–31 Mt of aluminum. Electrical grids built for solar PV have the largest metal demand, followed by offshore and onshore wind. Power cables are the most metal-consuming electrical components compared to substations and transformers. We also discuss the decommissioning issue of electrical grids and their recovery potential. This study would deepen the understanding of the nexus between renewable energy, grid infrastructure, and metal resources.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Requirements for Building Electrical Grid Systems of Global Wind Power and Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic until 2050

Chen

Kleijn

Lin

2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Renewable energy can be integrated as large-scale generation units into the supply side or small-scale Distributed Generation (DG) into the demand side. On the supply side, largescale wind farms [64], solar farms [65], geothermal [66], hydropower [67], run-of-river [68], and biomass [68] are addressed. On the demand side, Roof-top Photovoltaic (RPV) [69] and micro-wind turbines are used.…”

Section: Demand Flexibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Demand-Side Flexibility in Power Systems: A Survey of Residential, Industrial, Commercial, and Agricultural Sectors

Golmohamadi

2022

Sustainability

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In recent years, environmental concerns about climate change and global warming have encouraged countries to increase investment in renewable energies. As the penetration of renewable power goes up, the intermittency of the power system increases. To counterbalance the power fluctuations, demand-side flexibility is a workable solution. This paper reviews the flexibility potentials of demand sectors, including residential, industrial, commercial, and agricultural, to facilitate the integration of renewables into power systems. In the residential sector, home energy management systems and heat pumps exhibit great flexibility potential. The former can unlock the flexibility of household devices, e.g., wet appliances and lighting systems. The latter integrates the joint heat–power flexibility of heating systems into power grids. In the industrial sector, heavy industries, e.g., cement manufacturing plants, metal smelting, and oil refinery plants, are surveyed. It is discussed how energy-intensive plants can provide flexibility for energy systems. In the commercial sector, supermarket refrigerators, hotels/restaurants, and commercial parking lots of electric vehicles are pointed out. Large-scale parking lots of electric vehicles can be considered as great electrical storage not only to provide flexibility for the upstream network but also to supply the local commercial sector, e.g., shopping stores. In the agricultural sector, irrigation pumps, on-farm solar sites, and variable-frequency-drive water pumps are shown as flexible demands. The flexibility potentials of livestock farms are also surveyed.

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“…The implementation of a storage system would also be required in some remote islands. In a more extensive system, examining peak demand reduction by inspecting population density or estimating maximum distance from human settlements can also help policymakers balance urban development costs with energy transition infrastructure costs [26].…”

Section: ) Land Profile Assessment and Land Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability Approach of Site Selection for Renewables Deployment in Indonesian Rural Electrical Grids

Sitompul

Sinaga

2020

Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol.

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As Indonesia works up efforts to increase renewables penetration and inequality of electrification ratio across the country, rural electrical grids are growing in popularity. However, there are some uncertainties of its development in a rural area, especially in deploying resources and forming guidance for site selection. The complexity of many aspects that incorporate and impact many stakeholders must be considered to develop a sustainable energy project. A sustainability framework that assesses a site's qualification for renewables electrification project is created to address these concerns. This study has resulted in a framework for site selection by considering the primary stakeholders' inclusiveness with holistic assessment in technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects. The inclusion of different perspectives and different elements in this study creates the robustness of the sustainability framework. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies may support the framework to understand the project's benefit towards a better environment. Willingness-to-pay-approach can help the community take ownership of the mini-grid instead of imposing it upon them a foreign solution. This holistic framework may still need to be evaluated in its application concerning the existing constraints and limited resources. Studies of regulation, policy, and incentives can support the implementation of such a systematic sustainability framework. Nevertheless, implementing this framework helps encourage policymakers, developers, communities, and energy service companies to understand better and accomplish further sustainable development.

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Strategic planning for utility-scale solar photovoltaic development – Historical peak events revisited

Cited by 20 publications

References 23 publications

Metal Requirements for Building Electrical Grid Systems of Global Wind Power and Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic until 2050

Metal Requirements for Building Electrical Grid Systems of Global Wind Power and Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic until 2050

Demand-Side Flexibility in Power Systems: A Survey of Residential, Industrial, Commercial, and Agricultural Sectors

Sustainability Approach of Site Selection for Renewables Deployment in Indonesian Rural Electrical Grids

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