“…In this sense, calculative commitment relates to the feeling of having to stay with the company, either due to less attractive alternatives or no alternatives (Bansal et al, 2004). The concept of calculative commitment is applied extensively in business and consumer research to investigate a variety of issues, such as the antecedents of brand loyalty (Li & Petrick, 2008), brand-customer relationship (Tsai, 2011), and relationship in the services (Dalziel, Harris, & Laing, 2011). The cognitive mechanism behind calculative commitment is described as the state of attachment to a partner, cognitively experienced as a realization of the benefits that would be sacrificed and the losses that would be incurred if the relationship were to end (Gilliland & Bello, 2002, p. 28).…”