Strategies for Optimizing the Supply of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic

Perio, Marie A. de; Dowell, Chad H.; Delaney, Lisa; Radonovich, Lewis J.; Kuhar, David T.; Gupta, Neil; Patel, Anita; Pillai, Satish K.; D’Alessandro, Maryann

doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.160

Cited by 31 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Consequently, reuse of single-use disposable masks has been implemented. There is no standard decontamination protocol for safe decontamination and reprocessing of the masks, although UVGI, moist heat, microwave-generated steam, and vaporized hydrogen peroxide seem to be the current standard for N95 decontamination [ 33 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Since all these methods have advantages and disadvantages, a careful consideration of the type of respirator and biological target has to be performed, to restore the fit and filtration capacity of the N95 respirator post decontamination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consistent and robust evidence from many studies emphasizes that the use of respirators decreased the risk of infection in SARS-CoV-2 [ 35 , 36 ]. Several federal agencies, including the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), recommended the use of surgical masks and N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs), along with gowns, eye protection, and gloves to prevent the spread of respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection in the health care setting [ 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inactivation of Human Coronavirus by FATHHOME’s Dry Sanitizer Device: Rapid and Eco-Friendly Ozone-Based Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2

Uppal

Khazaieli²,

Snijders

et al. 2021

Pathogens

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The pandemic of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 was reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Pertaining to its high transmissibility and wide host adaptability, this unique human coronavirus spread across the planet inflicting 115 million people and causing 2.5 million deaths (as of March 3rd, 2021). Limited or negligible pre-existing immunity to multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants has resulted in severe morbidity and mortality worldwide, as well as a record-breaking surge in the use of medical-surgical supplies and personal protective equipment. In response to the global need for effective sterilization techniques, this study evaluated the virucidal efficacy of FATHHOME’s self-contained, ozone-based dry-sanitizing device, by dose and time response assessment. We tested inactivation of human coronavirus, HCoV-OC43, a close genetic model of SARS-CoV-2, on porous (N95 filtering facepiece respirator/FFR) and nonporous (glass) surfaces. We started our assays with 20 ppm-10 min ozone exposure, and effectively reduced 99.8% and 99.9% of virus from glass and N95 FFR surfaces, respectively. Importantly, the virus was completely inactivated, below the detection limit (over 6-log10 reduction) with 25 ppm-15 min ozone exposure on both tested surfaces. As expected, a higher ozone exposure (50 ppm-10 min) resulted in faster inactivation of HCoV-OC43 with 100% inactivation from both the surfaces, with no residual ozone present after completion of the 5-min post exposure recapture cycle and no measurable increase in ambient ozone levels. These results confirmed that FATHHOME’s device is suitable for rapid decontamination of SARS-CoV-2- from worn items, frequently touched items, and PPE including N95 FFRs, face shields, and other personal items.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of Human Coronavirus by FATHHOME’s Dry Sanitizer Device: Rapid and Eco-Friendly Ozone-Based Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2

Uppal

Khazaieli²,

Snijders

et al. 2021

Pathogens

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Consistent and robust evidence from many studies emphasizes that the use of respirators decreased the risk of infection in SARS-CoV-2 [35,36]. Several federal agencies, including the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), recommended the use of surgical masks and N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs), along with gowns, eyeprotection, and gloves to prevent the spread of respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection in the health care setting [37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of Human Coronavirus by Fathhome’s Dry Sanitizer Device: Rapid and Eco-friendly Ozone-based Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2

Uppal

Khazaieli²,

Snijders

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The pandemic history of pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 associated COVID-19 infection began in December 2019, with its emergence in Wuhan, China. Pertaining to its high transmissibility and wide host adaptability, this new and unique human coronavirus spread across the planet affecting almost every country, inflicting 91 million people and causing 1.9 million deaths (as of January 17th, 2021). Limited or negligible pre-existing immunity to multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants has resulted in severe morbidity and mortality worldwide, as well as a record-breaking surge in the use of medical-surgical supplies and personal protective equipments. In response to the global need for effective sterilization techniques, this study evaluated the virucidal efficacy of FATHHOME’s self-contained, ozone-based dry-sanitizing device, by dose and time response assessment. We tested inactivation of human coronavirus, HCoV-OC43, a close genetic model of SARS-CoV-2, on porous (N95 filtering facepiece respirator/FFR) and nonporous (glass) surfaces. We started our assays with 20 ppm of ozone for 10 min exposure, which was able to effectively reduce, 99.8% and 99.9% of virus from glass and N95 FFR surfaces, respectively. Importantly, the virus was completely inactivated, below the detection limit (over 6-log10 reduction) with 25 ppm ozone for 15 mins on both tested surfaces. As expected, a higher ozone concentration (50 ppm) resulted in faster inactivation of HCoV-OC43 with 100% inactivation in 10 mins from both the surfaces, with no residual ozone present after completion of the 5-minute post exposure recapture cycle and no measurable increase in ambient ozone levels. These results confirmed that FATHHOME’s device may provide a safe and viable solution for rapid decontamination of SARS-CoV-2- from worn items, frequently touched items, and PPE including N95 FFRs, face shields and other personal items.

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“…This analysis can be used to identify methods suitable for further research, refinement, and implementation. An ideal decontamination method should be effective against the target organism; preserve FFR integrity, filtration properties, and fit; present no residual hazard for users; and be fast-acting, inexpensive, and readily available (de Perio et al, 2020; Heimbuch et al, 2011; IOM, 2006). The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate currently available approaches for FFR decontamination based on these criteria, as well as identify areas for future research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review of methods for decontaminating filtering facepiece respirators

Jacobs¹,

Chan²,

Leso

et al. 2020

Toxicol Ind Health

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Various decontamination methods that may be used to extend respirator inventories have been examined for over a decade. In light of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, many health-care settings are now implementing these techniques amid respirator shortages. We sought to perform a critical review of the available literature regarding decontamination methods to determine which strategies are effective at inactivating the target organism, preserve performance (filter efficiency and fit) of the respirator, leave no residual toxicity from the treatment, and are fast-acting, inexpensive, and readily available. We also identified areas for future research. We found that ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is the most widely studied method, and treatments are effective at inactivating SARS-CoV-2 without diminishing filtration efficiency or fit. These treatments were found to leave no residual toxicity for the wearer, have a relatively short cycle time of less than 1 h, and existing systems can likely be retrofitted to accommodate this method. Further, UVGI (among other treatment methods) has been recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and respirator manufacturers. Methods involving microwave-generated steam also show potential in that they are likely effective against SARS-CoV-2, preserve performance, have no residual toxicity, require a short duration treatment cycle (often less than 10 min), and microwave ovens are inexpensive and readily available. Steam methods are currently recommended by the CDC, OSHA, and manufacturers. These respirator decontamination methods are likely also useful against other viruses or pathogens.

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Strategies for Optimizing the Supply of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic

Cited by 31 publications

References 39 publications

Inactivation of Human Coronavirus by FATHHOME’s Dry Sanitizer Device: Rapid and Eco-Friendly Ozone-Based Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2

Inactivation of Human Coronavirus by FATHHOME’s Dry Sanitizer Device: Rapid and Eco-Friendly Ozone-Based Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2

Inactivation of Human Coronavirus by Fathhome’s Dry Sanitizer Device: Rapid and Eco-friendly Ozone-based Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2

A critical review of methods for decontaminating filtering facepiece respirators

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