“…Other positive results of professional development have also been reported. These benefits include increased student achievement (Anderson & Smith, 1986;Monk, 1994), improved content knowledge (Kahle, 2000), increased attitudes toward specific content areas (Henson, 1987;Tilgner, 1990), and increased confidence in teaching (Shrigley, 1977). Studies of professional development efforts in elementary science have not reported the levels of success of other subject areas (Hilliard, 1997;Loucks-Horsley et al, 1990;Newman & King, 2000;Tilgner, 1990).…”