“…Fewer studies have analyzed the critical knowledge, skills, and attributes of PhD holding engineers in academia and industry, 9,[11][12][13] however, it is clear that non-technical skills play a vital role in career success for engineers in any career. Some of these include written and verbal communication skills, and ability to target communication for diverse audiences 12,13 ; ability to teach (formally or informally) peers, colleagues, or students technical material 3,14 ; and the ability to generate new knowledge in order to advance the technical field 2,3,15 .…”