Strategies for revealing deformation and wear mechanisms of polymer composites by combining scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy and cross‐section techniques—Exemplified by glass fiber reinforced poly‐phenylene‐sulphide

Abstract

Polymers and polymer composites are frequently used in tribological applications. However, their use is often limited by excessive wear or plastic deformation, therefore research and development aiming to improve the materials is ongoing. Tribological evaluations of polymer composites often study the friction coefficient and wear rate for different types, sizes and amounts of fillers. But rarely are any mechanisms presented. Although polymer materials differ from metals, the techniques typically used for metal components, for example, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), can be adapted to polymer materials, to achieve more informative SEM micrographs and EDS analyses. The aim of this article is to present useful analysis strategies, from sample preparation and selection of viewing angles, to selection of instrument settings and detector types. The strategies are exemplified by analysis of poly‐phenylene‐sulphide filled with glass fiber, evaluated against steel in a reciprocating ball‐on‐flat test set‐up. This article takes its starting point with the worn surfaces, and subsequently analyze them using SEM and EDS. A selection of cross section preparation techniques, analysis parameters and microscopy settings are presented and discussed. By combining these techniques and settings, the observation of a strongly modified surface layer, as well as sub‐surface plastic deformation and imbedded wear particles, is facilitated.