Strategies for total quality management — the case of the Swedish forest product industry

Swedish forest commons — A matter of governance?

“…Liljenäs, 1977;Ds Jo, 1983;Carlsson, 1995 andHolmgren, 2006). By studying by-laws and their implementation, we find that the level of freedom for the owners seems to have been higher in Dalarna, less in Norrbotten and least in Västerbotten.…”

“…However, in Norrbotten, profits are shared equally, while in Västerbotten they follow the early directives and are proportional to shareholder ownership. In Dalarna, profit and subsidies are distributed to the owners on the basis of investments and management actions, and also to local public bodies (SFS, 1952;Carlsson, 1995). In general, from the second half of the 19th century, forest management in the commons was, to a large extent, steered by the state and was undertaken by the Swedish Forest Service (Domänverket).…”

“…However, the Forest Commons Law, regulates their formal organization and activities. Each forest common also has its own set of by-laws, authorized by the County Administration, which regulate the direct management of the common (Carlsson, 1995). Management is performed jointly through elected boards and executed by professional foresters.…”