Strategies in design of self-propelling hybrid micro/nanobots for bioengineering applications

Abstract

Micro/nanobots are integrated devices developed from engineered nanomaterials that have evolved significantly over the past decades. They can potentially be pre-programmed to operate robustly at numerous hard-to-reach organ/tissues/cellular sites for multiple bioengineering applications such as early disease diagnosis, precision surgeries, targeted drug delivery, cancer therapeutics, bio-imaging, biomolecules isolation, detoxification, bio-sensing, and clearing up clogged arteries with high soaring effectiveness and minimal exhaustion of power. Several techniques have been introduced in recent years to develop programmable, biocompatible, and energy-efficient micro/nanobots. Therefore, the primary focus of most of these techniques is to develop hybrid micro/nanobots that are an optimized combination of purely synthetic or biodegradable bots suitable for the execution of user-defined tasks more precisely and efficiently. Recent progress has been illustrated here as an overview of a few of the achievable construction principles to be used to make biomedical micro/nanobots and explores the pivotal ventures of nanotechnology-moderated development of catalytic autonomous bots. Furthermore, it is also foregrounding their advancement offering an insight into the recent trends and subsequent prospects, opportunities, and challenges involved in the accomplishments of the effective multifarious bioengineering applications.

AI-enhanced biomedical micro/nanorobots in microfluidics

“…In the last decade, micro/nanorobotic instruments (including nanodrillers, microgrippers, and microbullets) have shown distinct capabilities for minimally invasive surgical procedures when utilized in an untethered manner. 193 Go et al presented microrobots, which can be magnetically directed towards the tumor feeding vessels to perform transcatheter chemoembolization in the liver in vivo . 194 Cao et al introduced phototactic/phototherapeutic nanomotors incorporating biodegradable block copolymers adorned with aggregation-induced emission motifs capable of transmuting radiant energy into movement.…”

Spermbots and Their Applications in Assisted Reproduction: Current Progress and Future Perspectives

“…The potential applications of all types of nanobots are broad, including but not limited to disease diagnosis, assisted surgeries, drug delivery, target therapeutics, and biological imaging. 52 , 53 Although spermbot can also be applied in many fields like other types of nanobots, the cell part of spermbot determines its fundamental and promising applications in the field of assisted reproduction. To maximally explore the potential applications of spermbots, we comprehensively summarized the journey of human sperms (from their production to fertilization), and the corresponding dysfunctions associated with infertility ( Figure 3 ).…”

“…The potential applications of all types of nanobots are broad, including but not limited to disease diagnosis, assisted surgeries, drug delivery, target therapeutics, and biological imaging. 52,53 Although spermbot can also be applied in many fields like other types of nanobots, the cell part of spermbot determines its fundamental and promising applications in the https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S465548…”