Strategies to convert organic fluorophores into red/near-infrared emitting analogues and their utilization in bioimaging probes

Abstract

This review analyzes strategies to convert key fluorophores into red/NIR emitting derivatives, with typical examples of how such fluorophores can be used to develop molecular probes for biological analytes, along with key sensing features.

Semiconducting polymer dots for multifunctional integrated nanomedicine carriers

“…It fundamentally involves the transference of energy from one entity or form to another [ 60 , 61 ]. In natural settings, this transfer manifests through the conversion of thermal energy into electrical or kinetic energy, facilitated by mechanical devices to propel production activities [ 62 , 63 ]. Its significance is paramount in the quest for advanced optical nanomaterials and their multifaceted applications.…”

“…For deep tissue and organ imaging in individual organisms, fluorophores that emit at longer wavelengths are essential to enhance tissue transmission depth (also referred to as imaging depth) and minimize interference from spontaneous tissue fluorescence, such as SBR [ 63 , 194 ]. In fluorescent nanoprobe research, the near-infrared region is typically categorized into two segments: the first near-infrared region (NIR-I) and the second near-infrared region (NIR-II), based on the tissue transparency window (600–960 nm) and the water resonance wavelength (1400 nm) [ [195] , [196] , [197] ] [according to the IEC (International Electro Technical Commission) 60050–845:2007 standard].…”

Brightness Strategies toward NIR-II Emissive Conjugated Materials: Molecular Design, Application, and Future Prospects

“…Fluorescence bioimaging has undergone rapid development over the past few decades, leading to widespread applications in clinical diagnosis and treatment due to its exceptional attributes of high contrast, superior spatiotemporal resolution, non-invasiveness, and real-time visualization. − Benefiting from advances in imaging equipment and probes, fluorescence bioimaging has provided great help in promoting the development of molecular biology and drug discovery. − Traditionally, fluorescence probes with emission in the ultraviolet and visible region (300–700 nm) have been widely applied for fluorescence bioimaging due to their high brightness and visibility with the naked eye; however, they suffer from limited tissue penetration. , To overcome this problem, first near-infrared window (NIR-I, 700–1000 nm) fluorescent dyes were rapidly developed with high penetration and low tissue interference for fluorescence bioimaging, especially in living bodies. − Therefore, in vivo fluorescence bioimaging has achieved rapid growth and is widely used for visualizing dynamic events in the living body. − How to improve the applicability of fluorescence bioimaging has always been a research hotspot but remains a challenge.…”

Dynamic monitoring soft tissue healing via visualized Gd-crosslinked double network MRI microspheres

“…Yet, few studies have directly integrated imaging elements into scaffold materials to achieve simultaneous non-invasive, real-time monitoring of scaffold degradation and tissue repair [ 7 ]. Therefore, by coupling tissue repair scaffold materials with imaging components, non-invasive real-time monitoring of in vivo status could be achieved [ 8 ].…”