“…The surface characteristics of the ceramic membrane (surface wettability and surface charge), the solution properties (pH, temperature, viscosity), and the operation parameters (pressure difference, flow rate, and time) are key variables that determine the separation effectiveness of ceramic membranes [ 35 , 142 ]. Surface charge of coal fly ash based ceramic membranes have an impact on how pollutants interact with the membrane surface, which has an influence on the ceramic membrane's permeability and rejection capabilities [ [143] , [144] , [145] ].…”