Strategies to overcome the main challenges of the use of exosomes as drug carrier for cancer therapy

Hussen, Bashdar Mahmud; Faraj, Goran Sedeeq Hama; Rasul, Mohammed Fatih; Hidayat, Hazha Jamal; Salihi, Abbas; Baniahmad, Aria; Taheri, Mohammad; Ghafouri-Frad, Soudeh

doi:10.1186/s12935-022-02743-3

Cited by 58 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…Thus, novel and specific mechanism-based drugs should be designed and synthesized for treating BC. Recent studies related to circRNA in cancer showed that circRNA could be used as a therapeutic strategy (Hussen et al, 2022;Wu et al, 2022).…”

Section: Exosomal Circrnas As Potential Therapeutic Targets In Breast...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exosomes are nanometric vesicles of endosomal origin containing material from the host cell, such as proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA (Hegmans et al, 2008). These vesicles are secreted by exocytosis and are taken up by other cells, influencing their functions and behavior, and can be used as a drug carrier for cancer therapy (Ghafouri-Fard et al, 2021a;Hussen et al, 2022). Tumorous cells use exosomes to communicate with their surroundings like other body cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exosomal circular RNAs: New player in breast cancer progression and therapeutic targets

Hussen

Mohamadtahr²,

Abdullah³

et al. 2023

Front. Genet.

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Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of malignancy among women. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of cell membrane origin that are released via exocytosis. Their cargo contains lipids, proteins, DNA, and different forms of RNA, including circular RNAs. Circular RNAs are new class of non-coding RNAs with a closed-loop shape involved in several types of cancer, including breast cancer. Exosomes contained a lot of circRNAs which are called exosomal circRNAs. By interfering with several biological pathways, exosomal circRNAs can have either a proliferative or suppressive role in cancer. The involvement of exosomal circRNAs in breast cancer has been studied with consideration to tumor development and progression as well as its effects on therapeutic resistance. However, its exact mechanism is still unclear, and there have not been available clinical implications of exo-circRNAs in breast cancer. Here, we highlight the role of exosomal circRNAs in breast cancer progression and to highlight the most recent development and potential of circRNAas therapeutic targets and diagnostics for breast cancer.

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Section: Exosomal Circrnas As Potential Therapeutic Targets In Breast...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomal circular RNAs: New player in breast cancer progression and therapeutic targets

Hussen

Mohamadtahr²,

Abdullah³

et al. 2023

Front. Genet.

Self Cite

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“…Although exosomes have been shown to possess invaluable qualities for use in nanomedicine, their low production rate in unaltered cell cultures remains a key challenge, preventing bench-to-bedside use. In addition to the low production of exosomes, large variability in their size also exists, resulting in a lack of reproducibility in batches [ 1 , 7 , 8 ]. Consequently, the need remains to develop techniques that increase exosome production, maintain constant morphology, and limit any negative impact on cell cultures.…”

Section: Exosomal Drug Delivery: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bioactive cytokines, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [ 62 ], N-methyldopamine [ 63 ], norepinephrine [ 63 ], serotonin [ 64 ], adiponectin [ 65 ], adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [ 66 ], Wnt3a [ 67 ], calcium (Ca 2+ ) ionophores [ 64 ], and plant ceramide [ 68 ] have been used in research to increase exosome production ( Table 3 ). Furthermore, the upregulation of NadB, syndecan 4, and six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 3 (STEAP3) has increased the exosomes produced in cell cultures [ 7 , 69 , 70 ]. Research has shown that the genetic overexpressions of tetraspanin CD9 and hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIFα) have increased exosome production by 2.4- and 2.2-fold, respectively [ 71 , 72 , 73 ].…”

Section: Exosomal Drug Delivery: Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous Lipid Carriers—Bench-to-Bedside Roadblocks in Production and Drug Loading of Exosomes

Richards

Patel

et al. 2023

Pharmaceuticals

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Exosomes are cell-derived, nano-sized extracellular vesicles comprising a lipid bilayer membrane that encapsulates several biological components, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. The role of exosomes in cell–cell communication and cargo transport has made them promising candidates in drug delivery for an array of diseases. Despite several research and review papers describing the salient features of exosomes as nanocarriers for drug delivery, there are no FDA-approved commercial therapeutics based on exosomes. Several fundamental challenges, such as the large-scale production and reproducibility of batches, have hindered the bench-to-bedside translation of exosomes. In fact, compatibility and poor drug loading sabotage the possibility of delivering several drug molecules. This review provides an overview of the challenges and summarizes the potential solutions/approaches to facilitate the clinical development of exosomal nanocarriers.

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“…In this article, we delve into the promising applications of exosomes in drug delivery and personalized medicine, highlighting their potential and the challenges they present. [27][28][29]…”

Section: Roles Of Exosomes In Stem Cell Differentiation and Tissue Re...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes: emerging biomarkers unveiling cellular mysteries—a narrative review

Umeche,

Olaniyan

2023

J Bio-X Res

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Exosomes have gained recognition as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers due to their stability and disease-specific cargos. Exosomes, once dismissed as cellular debris, are now acknowledged as crucial mediators of intercellular communications and disease. These nanosized vesicles transport dynamic cargos consisting of bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, enabling cells to exchange information and influence each other’s behavior. This review delves into the multifaceted roles of exosomes, particularly their emergence as biomarkers for various diseases. To conduct research for this review, a comprehensive literature search strategy was employed across various databases using keywords related to exosomes, biomarkers, cellular communication, disease diagnosis, and more. Selected articles were evaluated based on their relevance, and data were extracted, synthesized, and categorized according to thematic content. Quality assessment was performed on different types of articles, ensuring robust findings. In cancer, exosomes act as liquid biopsy samples, revealing genetic mutations, and protein markers. The misfolded proteins characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease are carried by exosomes. Moreover, exosomes have been studied as biomarkers for cardiovascular, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. In addition to their functions as biomarkers, exosomes influence the tumor microenvironment, immune response, synaptic plasticity, and tissue regeneration. Challenges remain to fill research gaps and standardize exosome analyses. Exosomes are pivotal in intercellular communication and for disease diagnosis, offering insights into cellular processes, immunity, and regeneration. Future research may reshape our understanding of cellular communication and drive therapeutic interventions. Although challenges must be addressed, exosomes hold undeniable potential for use in personalized medicine and biomedical research.

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Strategies to overcome the main challenges of the use of exosomes as drug carrier for cancer therapy

Cited by 58 publications

References 160 publications

Exosomal circular RNAs: New player in breast cancer progression and therapeutic targets

Exosomal circular RNAs: New player in breast cancer progression and therapeutic targets

Endogenous Lipid Carriers—Bench-to-Bedside Roadblocks in Production and Drug Loading of Exosomes

Exosomes: emerging biomarkers unveiling cellular mysteries—a narrative review

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