Stratigraphy and geochemistry of rock salt from Maha Sarakham formation in changwat Chaiyaphum, northeastern Thailand

Abstract

Maha Sarakham Formation is one of massive potash deposits in the Khorat Plateau extending from northeastern of Thailand to central of Lao PDR. Maha Sarakham Formation consists of three rock salt members (the lower, middle and upper members) interbedded with claystone. Potash minerals are associated with the thick bed of rock salt in the upper part of lower salt member. Previous studies are still under discussion on whether the origin of rock salt from marine or non-marine (hydrothermal origin and mixed fluids) deposit. The purpose of this study is to analyze the origin of rock salt based on elemental compositions and isotope analysis. In addition, stratigraphic correlations were done in five boreholes (K-201-205) located in Amphoe Bamnetnarong and Chaturat, Changwat Chaiyaphum, Thailand. As stratigraphical correlation results, the rock salt shows a dome structure. The limbs of salt dome are interpreted from lithostratigraphy correlations of K-201, K-202, K-203 and K-205 based on two beds of rock salt and potash zone in the lower salt member. The geochemical analysis of the lower and middle/upper rock salts in borehole K-203, and rare earth elements (REE) of claystone in five boreholes suggests that major and trace elements showing contents according to the formula of minerals and δ11B value (12.26‰ -32.62‰) indicates almost halite influenced seawater. However, the anomaly of carnallite by δ11B value (12.26‰) preferred possible influx of hydrothermal into the Khorat basin. REE of claystone are comparable with the REE in sandstone from the Simao Basin of China, the similar of REE pattern inferred the identical provenances both of clastic sedimentary rocks.

Study of Different Properties of Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)

“…Reduction weakens/eliminates peaks over time [1,36]. Peaks at 1081 cm −1 (C-O bond), 1630-1650 cm −1 (C=C bond), and a broad peak at 2885-3715 cm −1 (O-H stretch) confirm GO's absorbent nature (Figure 3) [17,18]. The peak at 2135 cm −1 identifies the Si-H group [21].…”

“…Alghyamah et al (2022) created rGO by reducing GO in situ inside the PEO matrix while employing L (+) Ascorbic acid as a green reductant [16]. Chaiyakun et al (2012) synthesized the GO nanosheet using Hummers' method by mixing natural graphite powder and sodium nitrate with sulfuric acid and stirring with potassium permanganate [17]. Ban et al (2012) used strong oxidizing agents, stirred with a magnetic stirrer, added potassium permanganate, and stirred for three days to obtain GO [18].…”