Stratospheric Carbon-14, Carbon Dioxide, and Tritium

Abstract

a cutthroat-competition among ideas is essential to research. It seems to me that a researcher should have no freedom to make other able people work on his ideas rather than on their own, beyond what he can make them want to do through persuasion based on the merits of his ideas.Fortunately, today good people don't have to work under any other conditions. There is tremendous competition for good workers with good ideas. A man who really suffers from the tyranny of the boss can go to some other department or to some other company. And, a cutthroat-competition among ideas is essential to research. It seems to me that a researcher should have no freedom to make other able people work on his ideas rather than on their own, beyond what he can make them want to do through persuasion based on the merits of his ideas.Fortunately, today good people don't have to work under any other conditions. There is tremendous competition for good workers with good ideas. A man who really suffers from the tyranny of the boss can go to some other department or to some other company. And, if a boss is so tyrannous that good men leave him, he won't last forever.Still, men do complain about the tyranny of jobs and bosses. It is my observation that these are seldom the best men. In fact, often they are men who have amply demonstrated their inability to do research when left completely to themselves, and sometimes they are men who should not try to do research under any circumstances.Clearly, freedom is vitally important to research, but other somewhat inconsistent things are important, too. Responsibilities of one sort or another keep if a boss is so tyrannous that good men leave him, he won't last forever.Still, men do complain about the tyranny of jobs and bosses. It is my observation that these are seldom the best men. In fact, often they are men who have amply demonstrated their inability to do research when left completely to themselves, and sometimes they are men who should not try to do research under any circumstances.Clearly, freedom is vitally important to research, but other somewhat inconsistent things are important, too. Responsibilities of one sort or another keep us from following up every idea or inclination we have. Apparatus ties us down. Concentration on one subject lessens our ability to tackle another. Then too, we may lose our freedom foolishly. Snobbishness may dictate our course of action. Or we may work in a poor environment, inadequately provided for, or with a tyrannous boss to browbeat us. But, in this day and age we are foolish if we put up with such things, unless we really aren't good enough to find another environmentor unless conditions aren't as bad as we think they are after all. us from following up every idea or inclination we have. Apparatus ties us down. Concentration on one subject lessens our ability to tackle another. Then too, we may lose our freedom foolishly. Snobbishness may dictate our course of action. Or we may work in a poor environment, inadequately provided for, or with a tyrannous boss t...

Radiocarbon from Nuclear Tests, II

“…Thus, the increased slope may represent rapid transfer of C" out of the polar stratosphere rather than a twofold increase in stratospheric inventory. Furthermore, Hagemann et al (6) admit that their estimate of total bomb-derived radiocarbon produced up to the testing moratorium is only a rough figure. They obtained it by sealing up the January 1957 measured inventory according to the total number of megatons exploded, allowing as well for a difference in the proportion of tests conducted in the air and at surface level.…”

“…As a result, only a range is given in Table 4. The upper limit, 17 x 102', is the value discussed above, while the lower limit is taken as the measured inventory in 1957-approximately 8 x 10' atoms (6).…”

“…In the testing of nuclear weapons to date, large amounts of radiocarbon have been synthesized and injected into the earth's carbon cycle, specifically into the atmosphere (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7).…”

Heterocaryotic Nature of Ring Formation in the Predaceous Fungus Dactylella doedycoides

“…Baron et al (11) and Miyake and Demerec (12) have shown that some strains of salmonella will act as recipients for genetic material from Hfr coli. Since Zinder and Lederberg (13) tested many of these same salmonella strains for mating inter se and failed to find any evidence for this, it might be assumed that salmonella is, as is the average coli, F-.…”

Radiocarbon analysis of stratospheric CO<sub>2</sub> retrieved from AirCore sampling

“…Aircraft sampling of atmospheric CO 2 is regularly performed at various altitudes, but unfortunately air samples are only collected up to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (Sweeney et al, 2015;Machida et al, 2008;Brenninkmeijer et al, 2007Brenninkmeijer et al, , 1995. Although balloon-based sampling has been demonstrated as a method for collecting stratospheric air for measurements of radiocarbon in stratospheric CO 2 (Kanu et al, 2016;Ashenfelter et al, 1972;Nakamura et al, 1992Nakamura et al, , 1994Hagemann et al, 1959), this method of sampling is extremely expensive and difficult to sustain for longer periods. Here we describe the use of the AirCore sampling method (Karion et al, 2010) as a viable and affordable alternative for sampling stratospheric air for the measurements of radiocarbon in stratospheric CO 2 .…”