Stratospheric formation and photolysis of chlorine nitrate

Rowland, F. S.; Spencer, John E.; Molina, Marlo J.

doi:10.1021/j100565a019

Cited by 121 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Briefly, the halogen atoms released in the stratosphere from chlorocarbon, bromocarbon, and fluorocarbon source gases can form acids (through abstraction of a hydrogen atom) and nitrates (through reaction with NO2). In the case of fluorine, the acid HF is quickly formed and so tightly bound that essentially all fluorine released from fluorine source gases in the stratosphere is irreversibly and rapidly "neutralized" as HF [ [Rowland et al, 1976]. These gases can, however, be reconverted to chlorine atoms by gas phase chemistry (i.e., by reaction with OH and photolysis, respectively).…”

Section: Chemical Partitioning Chlorine Sources and Gas Phase Chemimentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and history

Solomon¹

1999

Reviews of Geophysics

1,795

1,587

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Stratospheric ozone depletion through catalytic chemistry involving man-made chlorofluorocarbons is an area of focus in the study of geophysics and one of the global environmental issues of the twentieth century. This review presents a brief history of the science of ozone depletion and describes a conceptual framework to explain the key processes involved, with a focus on chemistry. Observations that may be considered as evidence (fingerprints) of ozone depletion due to chlorofluorocarbons are explored, and the related gas phase and surface chemistry is described. Observations of ozone and of chlorine-related trace gases near 40 km provide evidence that gas phase chemistry has indeed currently depleted about 10% of the stratospheric ozone there as predicted, and the vertical and horizontal structures of this depletion are fingerprints for that process.

show abstract

Section: Chemical Partitioning Chlorine Sources and Gas Phase Chemimentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and history

Solomon¹

1999

Reviews of Geophysics

1,795

1,587

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Sherwood Rowland was a key figure in this process. [6,44,45] Once the cause was determined in the 1980s, the CFC gases were banned from production. Nevertheless it will take several decades to heal the ozone hole.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on our planet in the Anthropocene

Williams

Crutzen

2013

Environ. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Environmental context. The term Anthropocene has been proposed as a name for the present geological epoch in recognition of the recent rise of humans to being a geophysical force of planetary importance. This paper provides an overview of humanity's global impact in terms of population, energy and food demands, climate, air and ocean pollution, biodiversity and erosion, before giving a perspective on our collective future in the Anthropocene.Abstract. Within the last 70 years (an average person's lifetime), the human population has more than tripled. Our energy, food and space demands as well as the associated waste products have affected the Earth to such an extent that humanity may be considered a geophysical force in its own right. As a result it has been proposed to name the current epoch the 'Anthropocene'. Here we draw on a broad range of references to provide an overview of these changes in terms of population, energy and food demands, climate, air and ocean pollution, biodiversity and erosion. The challenges for the future in the Anthropocene are highlighted. We hope that in the future, the 'Anthropocene' will not only be characterised by continued human plundering of the Earth's resources and dumping of excessive amounts of waste products in the environment, but also by vastly improved technology and management, wise use of the Earth's resources, control of the human and domestic animal population, and overall careful manipulation and restoration of the natural environment.

show abstract

“…In the literature on atmospheric sciences, this species is usually written ClONO 2 and called 'chlorine nitrate'. It is a reservoir of both reactive chlorine and nitrogen that is formed by a three-body reaction of ClO, NO2, and a third body M (Rowland et al, 1976).…”

Section: Clonomentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorine in the stratosphere

Clarmann¹

2013

Atmósfera

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Este artículo reseña varios aspectos de los compuestos clorados presentes en la estratosfera, que incluyen tanto su papel como agentes químicos como su función de trazadores de los procesos dinámicos. En la estratosfera, el cloro reactivo se libera a partir de los clorofluorocarbonos y otros gases orgánicos que contienen cloro. La mayor parte del cloro reactivo se convierte en compuestos inertes que almacenan cloro, como ClONO 2 y HCl. La reactivación del cloro estratosférico ocurre principalmente por reacciones heterogéneas en vórtices polares invernales, en combinación con la luz solar. Los ciclos catalíticos de Cl, ClO, BrO, Cl 2 O 2 , ClO 2 y otros compuestos como NO, NO 2 , OH y HO 2 destruyen el oxígeno impar (ozono y oxígeno atómico) de la atmósfera. El ciclo del dímero de ClO es particularmente importante en la formación del agujero de ozono, mientras que en latitudes medias el HOCl tiene alguna relevancia. También los eventos de protones solares pueden alterar la química del cloro estratosférico, aunque su efecto de activación o desactivación depende de las condiciones de iluminación. La vida media atmosférica de los clorofluorocarbonos determina la disponibilidad de las sustancias que destruyen el ozono en la estratosfera y depende de la circulación de Brewer-Dobson, que a su vez establece a qué altitudes y por cuánto tiempo está expuesta una porción de aire a la fotoquímica. Por su parte, los gases orgánicos clorados pueden usarse como trazadores para estimar la edad del aire estratosférico y así examinar la circulación de Brewer-Dobson. El uso de métodos complementarios de medición ha sido esencial para ampliar nuestros conocimientos sobre los compuestos clorados en la estratosfera. El ClO se mide principalmente con métodos de percepción remota en las regiones del infrarrojo y de microondas. Las bandas del infrarrojo lejano son ideales para medir el HOCl, pero también se encuentra información sustancial en las regiones de microondas y del infrarrojo medio. El ClONO 2 se mide sólo en el infrarrojo térmico, en tanto que el HCl se puede observar en las regiones de microondas y del infrarrojo lejano y medio. Sin embargo, las bandas del HCl en el infrarrojo medio se encuentran en longitudes de onda en que la radiación de cuerpo negro a temperaturas terrestres es tan baja que el HCl sólo se puede detectar mediante la técnica de absorción solar. Los clorofluorocarbonos se miden con mayor exactitud utilizando métodos de muestreo in situ, aunque para lograr una cobertura global se requieren mediciones en el infrarrojo térmico realizadas desde satélites. En términos epistemológicos, la investigación de la química de la estratosfera y el papel específico de los compuestos clorados se ha basado en distintos conceptos científicos como el razonamiento deductivo, el falsacionismo, el razonamiento abductivo y la llamada "solución de enigmas dentro de la ciencia normal". Sin embargo, la concepción estructuralista de la visión no enunciativa de las teorías es probablemente la que mejor se aplica a la investigación de ...

show abstract

Stratospheric formation and photolysis of chlorine nitrate

Cited by 121 publications

References 1 publication

Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and history

Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and history

Perspectives on our planet in the Anthropocene

Chlorine in the stratosphere

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About