Stratospheric ozone depletion due to nitrous oxide: influences of other gases

Portmann, R. W.; Daniel, J. S.; Ravishankara, A. R.

doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0377

Cited by 313 publications

(220 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

218

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The combination of solid high-index aerosol with alkali coatings or separate alkali aerosol might allow partially independent manipulation of radiative forcing and stratospheric chemistry and heating. In addition to reversing ozone loss caused by historical chlorofluorocarbon emissions, the injection of alkalis may provide a method to counter the steady growth of stratospheric NO x caused by anthropogenic N 2 O emissions (24). Laboratory and small-scale field experiments (using <1 kg of materials) (25) are, however, essential to reduce uncertainties in heterogeneous reaction rates and photochemistry of mixed salt aerosol, which are critical to predicting stratospheric ozone loss rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratospheric solar geoengineering without ozone loss

Keith

Weisenstein

Dykema

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

138

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Injecting sulfate aerosol into the stratosphere, the most frequently analyzed proposal for solar geoengineering, may reduce some climate risks, but it would also entail new risks, including ozone loss and heating of the lower tropical stratosphere, which, in turn, would increase water vapor concentration causing additional ozone loss and surface warming. We propose a method for stratospheric aerosol climate modification that uses a solid aerosol composed of alkaline metal salts that will convert hydrogen halides and nitric and sulfuric acids into stable salts to enable stratospheric geoengineering while reducing or reversing ozone depletion. Rather than minimizing reactive effects by reducing surface area using high refractive index materials, this method tailors the chemical reactivity. Specifically, we calculate that injection of calcite (CaCO3) aerosol particles might reduce net radiative forcing while simultaneously increasing column ozone toward its preanthropogenic baseline. A radiative forcing of −1 W⋅m−2, for example, might be achieved with a simultaneous 3.8% increase in column ozone using 2.1 Tg⋅y−1 of 275-nm radius calcite aerosol. Moreover, the radiative heating of the lower stratosphere would be roughly 10-fold less than if that same radiative forcing had been produced using sulfate aerosol. Although solar geoengineering cannot substitute for emissions cuts, it may supplement them by reducing some of the risks of climate change. Further research on this and similar methods could lead to reductions in risks and improved efficacy of solar geoengineering methods.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratospheric solar geoengineering without ozone loss

Keith

Weisenstein

Dykema

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

138

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Stratospheric methane thus contributes significantly to the observed variability and trend in stratospheric water vapour (Hegglin et al, 2014). Uncertainties in the chemical loss of stratospheric methane are large, due to uncertain interannual variability in stratospheric transport as well as through its chemical interactions with stratospheric ozone (Portmann et al, 2012).…”

Section: Stratospheric Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

The global methane budget 2000–2012

Saunois

Bousquet

Poulter

et al. 2016

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

948

733

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. The global methane (CH 4 ) budget is becoming an increasingly important component for managing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. This relevance, due to a shorter atmospheric lifetime and a stronger warming potential than carbon dioxide, is challenged by the still unexplained changes of atmospheric CH 4 over the past decade. Emissions and concentrations of CH 4 are continuing to increase, making CH 4 the second most important human-induced greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Two major difficulties in reducing uncertainties come from the large variety of diffusive CH 4 sources that overlap geographically, and from the destruction of CH 4 by the very short-lived hydroxyl radical (OH). To address these difficulties, we have established a consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate research on the methane cycle, and producing regular (∼ biennial) updates of the global methane budget. This consortium includes atmospheric physicists and chemists, biogeochemists of surface and marine emissions, and socio-economists who study anthropogenic emissions. Following Kirschke et al. (2013), we propose here the first version of a living review paper that integrates results of top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models, inventories and data-driven approaches (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, and inventories for anthropogenic emissions, data-driven extrapolations). . Top-down inversions consistently infer lower emissions in China (∼ 58 Tg CH 4 yr −1 , range 51-72, −14 %) and higher emissions in Africa (86 Tg CH 4 yr −1 , range 73-108, +19 %) than bottom-up values used as prior estimates. Overall, uncertainties for anthropogenic emissions appear smaller than those from natural sources, and the uncertainties on source categories appear larger for top-down inversions than for bottom-up inventories and models.The most important source of uncertainty on the methane budget is attributable to emissions from wetland and other inland waters. We show that the wetland extent could contribute 30-40 % on the estimated range for wetland emissions. Other priorities for improving the methane budget include the following: (i) the development of process-based models for inland-water emissions, (ii) the intensification of methane observations at local scale (flux measurements) to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scale (surface networks and satellites) to constrain top-down inversions, (iii) improvements in the estimation of atmospheric loss by OH, and (iv) improvements of the transport models integrated in top-down inversions.

show abstract

“…If such perturbations were combined with ODS, non-additive responses would be expected since both CH 4 and N 2 O control chlorine partitioning (through CH 4 + Cl → HCl + CH 3 and NO 2 + ClO + M → ClONO 2 + M, respectively) (e.g. Fleming et al, 2011;Portmann et al, 2012;Meul et al, 2015).…”

Section: Stratospheric Additivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers of changes in stratospheric and tropospheric ozone between year 2000 and 2100

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract.A stratosphere-resolving configuration of the Met Office's Unified Model (UM) with the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols (UKCA) scheme is used to investigate the atmospheric response to changes in (a) greenhouse gases and climate, (b) ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and (c) non-methane ozone precursor emissions. A suite of time-slice experiments show the separate, as well as pairwise, impacts of these perturbations between the years 2000 and 2100. Sensitivity to uncertainties in future greenhouse gases and aerosols is explored through the use of the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios.The results highlight an important role for the stratosphere in determining the annual mean tropospheric ozone response, primarily through stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) of ozone. Under both climate change and reductions in ODSs, increases in STE offset decreases in net chemical production and act to increase the tropospheric ozone burden. This opposes the effects of projected decreases in ozone precursors through measures to improve air quality, which act to reduce the ozone burden.The global tropospheric lifetime of ozone (τ O 3 ) does not change significantly under climate change at RCP4.5, but it decreases at RCP8.5. This opposes the increases in τ O 3 simulated under reductions in ODSs and ozone precursor emissions.The additivity of the changes in ozone is examined by comparing the sum of the responses in the single-forcing experiments to those from equivalent combined-forcing experiments. Whilst the ozone responses to most forcing combinations are found to be approximately additive, non-additive changes are found in both the stratosphere and troposphere when a large climate forcing (RCP8.5) is combined with the effects of ODSs.

show abstract

Stratospheric ozone depletion due to nitrous oxide: influences of other gases

Cited by 313 publications

References 28 publications

Stratospheric solar geoengineering without ozone loss

Stratospheric solar geoengineering without ozone loss

The global methane budget 2000–2012

Drivers of changes in stratospheric and tropospheric ozone between year 2000 and 2100

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About